Multi-component boron coatings on low carbon steel AISI 1018

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14 fluorine compounds) must be completely eliminated by using the CaCO3 absorber to avoid the environmental problems. 2.3.7 <strong>Multi</strong>-Component Boronizing The multi-<strong>component</strong> <strong>boron</strong>izing process combines the diffusion of <strong>boron</strong> and one or more metallic element(s), including aluminum, chromium, vanadium, and silicon, into the substrate surface. Some multi-<strong>component</strong> <strong>boron</strong>izing systems are illustrated in Table 2.2. The multi-<strong>component</strong> <strong>boron</strong>izing can be classified into three types [4]: • Type 1: simultaneous <strong>boron</strong>izing and metallizing • Type 2: <strong>boron</strong>izing followed by metallizing • Type 3: metallizing followed by <strong>boron</strong>izing
15 Table 2.2 The <strong>Multi</strong>-Component Boronizing [4] <strong>Multi</strong>-<strong>component</strong> <strong>boron</strong>izing Media type technique Media composition, wt% Process steps Substrate(s) Temperature, investigated* treated °C (°F) Boroaluminizing Electrolytic 3-20%Al 203 in borax S Plain carbon 900 (1650) salt bath steels Boroaluminizing Pack (A) 84% B4C + 16%borax S Plain carbon 1050 (1920) (B) 97%ferroaluminium B-Al steels + 3% NH4CI Al-B Borochromizing Pack (A) 5% B4C + 5%KBF 4 S Plain carbon Borided at 900 + 90% SiC (Ekabor II) B-Cr steels (1650) (B) 78% ferrochrome + Cr-B Chromized at 20% Al 203 + 2% NH4C1 1000 (1830) Borosiliconizing Pack (A) 5% B 4C + 5% KBF4 + B-Si 0.4% C steel 900-1000 90% SiC (Ekabor II) Si-B (1650-1830) (B) 100% Si Borovanadizing Pack (A) 5% B 4C + 5% KBF 4 + B-V 1.0% C steel Borided at 900 90% SIC (Ekabor II) (1650) (B) 60% ferrovanadium + Vanadized at 37% Al203 + 3% NH4CI 1000 (1830) * S = simultaneous <strong>boron</strong>izing and metallizing, B-Al = <strong>boron</strong>ized and then aluminized, Al-B= aluminized and then <strong>boron</strong>ized. The result shows the improvement of mechanical properties and oxidation resistance, as addressed in the followings: • Boroaluminizing—the compact layer provides good wear and corrosion resistances, especially in humid environments. • Borosiliconizing—the FeSi is formed on the boride-layer surface that increases the corrosion-fatigue strength of <strong>component</strong>s. • Borochromizing—this treatment provides the better oxidation resistance than boroaluminizing, forms the uniform layer, improves the wear resistance, and increases the corrosion-fatigue strength. • Borovanadized and borochromvanadized—the layer will have ductility with a high microhardness of more than 3000 HV for a 15-grams load, which helps reducing the spalling under the impact loading condition.
Page 1 and 2: Copyright Warning & Restrictions Th
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT MULTI-COMPONENT BORON COAT
Page 5 and 6: MULTI-COMPONENT BORON COATINGS ON L
Page 7 and 8: APPROVAL PAGE MULTI-COMPONENT BORON
Page 9 and 10: Roumiana S. Petrova, Naruemon Suwat
Page 11 and 12: vii
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1 IN
Page 15 and 16: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
Page 17 and 18: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapt
Page 19 and 20: LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 The M
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure
Page 27 and 28: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objectiv
Page 29 and 30: 3 borosiliconizing using bo
Page 31 and 32: 5 During boronizin
Page 33 and 34: 7 the FeB/Fe2B interface. Such crac
Page 35 and 36: 9 nickel metal do not show the stro
Page 37 and 38: 11 2.3.2 Paste Boronizing The paste
Page 39: 13 2.3.5 Plasma Boronizing The plas
Page 43 and 44: 17 Proportion of alloying elements,
Page 45 and 46: 19 when boronizing
Page 47 and 48: 21 in the process of powder pack <s
Page 49 and 50: 23 Torun [46] studied the b
Page 51 and 52: 25 10 3 Figure 2.4 The effect of st
Page 53 and 54: 27 • The surface hardness of <str
Page 55 and 56: 29 Figure 2.7 The hardness value fo
Page 57 and 58: 31 2.7 Research and Development on
Page 59 and 60: 33 Instead of toxic borane and <str
Page 61 and 62: 35 Tsipas et al. [76] utilized the
Page 63 and 64: 37 Buijnsters et al. [85] investiga
Page 65 and 66: 39 in terms of thickness and microh
Page 67 and 68: 41 these boride layers reduced the
Page 69 and 70: 43 The decorative boride co
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 3 MULTI-COMPONENT BORONIZIN
Page 73 and 74: 47 3.2.2 Procedures of Boronizing H
Page 75 and 76: 49 Specimen Sample Preparation proc
Page 77 and 78: 51 View direction through a microsc
Page 79 and 80: 53 thicknesses was shown as a histo
Page 81 and 82: 55 the test force, gf the length of
Page 83 and 84: 57 3.3.4 Corrosion Resistance Testi
Page 85 and 86: 59 2. Quantitative Phase Analysis Q
Page 87 and 88: 61 B. The variance of the crystalli
Page 89 and 90: 63 SDI Application software was use
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65 The Intensity /k can be refined
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67 The profile value: The weighted
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69 In Figure 4.1 b), the coating im
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71 4.1.2 Phase Identification The X
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73 Table 4.1 The Lattice Parameters
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75 4.1.4 Corrosion Resistance The c
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77 4.2 Boron- Chromium - Iron (B -
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83 4.2.4 Mierohardness In B-Cr-Fe s
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85 4.2.6 Oxidation Resistance The h
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Figure 4.13 The morphology images o
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Figure 4.14 The XRD pattern (refine
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91 Figure 4.15 The microdiffraction
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93 4.3.5 Corrosion Resistance The c
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95 4.4 Boron — Tungsten - Iron (B
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Figure 4.23 The mierofluoreseence o
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103 4.4.5 Corrosion Resistance The
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105 4.5 Boron — Niobium - Iron (B
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107 4.5.2 Phase Identification The
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109 Table 4.5 The Lattice Parameter
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M 11 4.5.4 Microhardness In B-Nb-Fe
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113 4.5.6 Oxidation Resistance The
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Figure 4.34 The morphology images o
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Figure 4.35 The XRD pattern (refine
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1119 Figure 4.36 The microdiffracti
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123 4.7 Boron — Titanium - Iron (
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131 4.8 Boron — Zirconium - Iron
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139 4.9 Boron — Hafnium - Iron (B
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g 145 4.9.5 Oxidation Resistance Th
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147 5.1.1 Microstructure of B-Cr-Fe
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149 As mention above, the coating t
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151 Atomic size: 1.241A Crystal str
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153 Coating thickne, (Mean): 84.24
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155 Due to the atomic size, substit
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157 5.3 Microhardness In bo
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159 5.4 Corrosion Resistance In thi
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161 5.5 Oxidation Resistance In one
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Figure 5.7 The comparison of oxidat
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165 For transition metals Group IVB
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APPENDIX A PHASE DIAGRAMS The binar
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Figure A.3 Phase diagrams in B-Mo-F
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Figure A.5 Phase diagrams in B-Nb-F
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Figure A.7 Phase diagrams in B-Ti-F
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Figure A.9 Phase diagrams in B-Hf-F
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177 Name and formula Reference code
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Name and formula Reference code: 04
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195 15. Selçuka, B., Tpekb, R., Ka
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197 41. Ueda, N., Mizukoshi, T., De
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199 67. Davis, J. A., Wilbur, P. J.
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201 90. Uzunov, N., Ivanov, R. (200
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203 114. Jayaraman, S., Gerbi, J. E
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Multi-component boron coatings on low carbon steel AISI 1018

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