Translation Theories.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

cultural camouflage. The same features are evident in peripheral literature translated into French. La Guerre des Rose (1985) by Warren Alder (translated by Christiane Cozzolino) retains the names of the American characters and places, as does Glenn Savan’s White Palace (1973) (translated by Isabelle Reinharez), which doesn’t even try to mask the title. The same features are evident in Mon Michaël (1973) by Amos Oz (translated by Rina Viers), which retains all Hebrew proper nouns and references to Israel from the Hebrew original. Furthermore, these four translations have all retained ST format. Germinal in particular could possibly have been presented in an abbreviated English version, however, the seven part French model remains intact. These two case studies reveal a possible discrepancy in Even-Zohar’s theory concerning translation techniques and position in the polysystem. According to him, if translated literature occupies the central position, it possesses ST orientation. If it is peripheral, it possesses TT orientation (1976, pp 203-204). These two cases tend to reveal the opposite trend with “Planet of the Apes” conforming more to TT expectations and Germinal, La Guerre des Rose, White Palace and Mon Michaël retaining many ST features. However, if Tintin by Hergé can be thought of as occupying a central position as translated work in the English literary polysystem, it does conform to Even-Zohar’s ideas because it is heavily ST orientated. It can be argued, therefore, that central and peripheral positions can be viewed in a highly subjective manner, as does Susan Bassnett (1998). Despite this dilemma, it is clear that relative position in the polysystem for all literary works, not just translated works, is a reflection of social and cultural tastes and historical trends. After examining in some detail the Skopos theory and the Polysystems Theory, it can be seen that they were both conceived around the same time in the 1970s, partly as a reaction to the structural linguistic approach to translation theory. Skopos offers a Functional Linguistic approach which is heavily TT oriented, while Polysystems provides a literary approach that can be either ST or TT oriented, depending on the position translated literature occupies in the literary polysystem of the target culture at a particular time. Skopos provides a practical approach to translation that allows for the individual ST to be translated in different ways, depending on the purpose it will serve in the target culture. Polysystems is an intellectual, systemic, perhaps even universal approach that moves away from the examination of individual texts, allowing for the possible inclusion of several theories under the one umbrella. Skopos can be applied to both literary and non-literary texts, whereas Polysystems, being a literary approach, could be seen as neglecting non-literary work, although it does allow for the inclusion of “lower” genres, such as police novels, to be viewed in terms of translation theory. The role of the translator is an important feature of both theories. Skopos allows for a considerable amount of input from the translator in determining strategies after negotiating directly with the commissioner. While the role of the translator may not seem to be as dominant in Polysystems Theory, a great deal of subjectivity is required in order to be able to reflect the cultural and historical status of the literary work in the target culture. Both theories could be criticised over a number of issues. Skopos could be seen as a possible justification for the production of almost any translation, regardless of accuracy and quality. In the quest to uncover universal laws in translation, Polysystems, with its roots in Russian Formalism, could be viewed as archaic, too abstract, offering little in the way of evidence of its practical application. However, both approaches are not prescriptive, offering an alternative to word-for-word, sense-for-sense, equivalence and shift issues. The Translation Theories: From History to Procedures Edited by Zainurrahman Source: Personal Journal of Philosophy of Language and Education (http://zainurrahmans.wordpress.com) 34
BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, Warren. La Guerre des Rose. Translated by Christiane Cozzolino. Paris: Le livre de poche, 1985. Andronicos, Manolis, “Sarissa.” Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Vol.94 pp 91-107. 1970. Berghout, Dr Anita. Lectures 10/8/2005; 7/9/2005. University of Newcastle. Boulle, Pierre. La planète des singes. Paris: Julliard, 1963. Codde, Philippe. “Polysystem Theory Revisited: A New Comparative Introduction.” pp. 25-37 Poetics Today. Vol.24, No.1, Spring 2003. Even-Zohar, Itamar. “The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem.” 1976. In Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation Studies Reader. (2 nd Edition). New York: Routledge, 2000. Pp199 – 204. Fowler, Mark. “Construction of the Macedonian Sarissa. The Advantages of the Addition of a Shaft Joint.” University of Newcastle, 2005. Awaiting publication. Hermans, Theo. Translation in Systems. Descriptive and Systemic Approaches Explained. Manchester: St Jerome, 1999. Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Applications. London: Routledge, 2001. Nam Fung Chang. “The Cultural Turn of Itamar Even-Zohar’s Polysystems Studies-Promises and Problems.” www.art.man.ac.uk Oz, Amos. Mon Michaël. Translated by Rina Viers. Paris: Livre de poche. 1973. Savan, Glenn. White Palace. Translated by Isabelle Reinharez. Paris: Pocket, 1973. Vermeer, Hans. “Skopos and Commission in Translational Action.” 1989. In Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation Studies Reader. (2 nd Edition). New York: Routledge, 2000. Pp227-237. Zola, Émile. Germinal. Paris: Gallimard, 1978. Zola, Émile. Germinal. Translated by Leonard Tancock. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1954. The Translation Theories: From History to Procedures Edited by Zainurrahman Source: Personal Journal of Philosophy of Language and Education (http://zainurrahmans.wordpress.com) 35
Page 1 and 2: 2009 The Theories of Translation Fr
Page 3 and 4: The History of Translation By Marou
Page 5 and 6: models of translation quality asses
Page 7 and 8: Nowadays, Arab translations know ma
Page 9 and 10: Hermes—God of Translators and Int
Page 11 and 12: Interpres divum, messenger, Mercury
Page 13 and 14: Now let's look at Plato's more posi
Page 15 and 16: That's why I made this chart—to h
Page 17 and 18: After all, people fight over the co
Page 19 and 20: Did I say that human beings go arou
Page 21 and 22: containing what I just read you to
Page 23 and 24: "Language, any of the numerous comp
Page 25 and 26: Translation and Interpreting Method
Page 27 and 28: I giovani d’oggi non fanno più n
Page 29 and 30: sense) or imitation (rewrite) (Berg
Page 31 and 32: translation methodology varies acco
Page 33: While PS could be seen to offer an
Page 37 and 38: findings, M.A.K. Halliday, the repr
Page 39 and 40: A. a. In China, the book received t
Page 41 and 42: their own statements in circulation
Page 43 and 44: consequences of his translational a
Page 45 and 46: objectified. Because language comes
Page 47 and 48: This trend of determining meaning i
Page 49 and 50: Research Press. Beijing. 7. Perron,
Page 51 and 52: 1) Ecology: flora, fauna, hills, wi
Page 53 and 54: i) Differences in form j) Differenc
Page 55 and 56: (unfaithful beauties), translations
Page 57 and 58: contributed to enriching their own
Page 59 and 60: In the mid 1980s Vermeer introduced
Page 61 and 62: Style and Stylistic Accommodation i
Page 63 and 64: writing Hemingway provided detached
Page 65 and 66: humanity; the rediscovery of the ar
Page 67 and 68: with certain prominent nouns belong
Page 69 and 70: another, one culture to another, in
Page 71 and 72: particular context” (p. 5). She p
Page 73 and 74: There’s a wealth of driving equip
Page 75 and 76: [4] Nissen’s prescription-like co
Page 77 and 78: Thus, the experimental data on cere
Page 79 and 80: 4.3 Translation of poetic texts The
Page 81 and 82: (imposing), kolos (colossus). Next,
Page 83 and 84: The logical cohesion quotient (LCQ)
Page 85 and 86:
Meaning: A translator's view of how
Page 87 and 88:
This is not the only example that s
Page 89 and 90:
Therefore whether words or numbers,
Page 91 and 92:
Most people believe that reality is
Page 93 and 94:
testing which takes place within a
Page 95 and 96:
There are certain elements in every
Page 97 and 98:
According to Livia(2003), when tran
Page 99 and 100:
If he’s her lawyer, perhaps she
Page 101 and 102:
expressions where the determination
Page 103 and 104:
It is part of the meaning of a tran
Page 105 and 106:
the notions of "natural selection"
Page 107 and 108:
advocacy of revolution in fiction,
Page 109 and 110:
As for the latter, throughout Chine
Page 111 and 112:
Chinese situation. In opposition to
Page 113 and 114:
Writing and Translation By Rafael F
Page 115 and 116:
. Borrowing Concerning borrowing, w
Page 117 and 118:
second type, ‘free modulation’,
Page 119 and 120:
In short, undoubtedly, adaptation,
Page 121 and 122:
another, since each language articu
Page 123 and 124:
4. Opting for a word in the TL whic
Page 125 and 126:
Regarding the translation of PNs, N
Page 127:
Loescher, W. (1991). Translation pe
show all

Translation Theories.pdf

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?