Translation Theories.pdf

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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE It is generally accepted that languages can be classified according to whether they show grammatical gender or not .The determining criterion of gender is agreement, and saying that a specific language has, for example, two genders implies that there are two classes of nouns, which can be distinguished syntactically, according to the agreements they take. Thus, the definition of agreement itself becomes important but, in the vast literature on gender, there seems to be no unanimous acceptance of what agreement means (cf. Corbett 1991: ch. 5) and a bone of contention is often whether or not agreement includes the control of anaphoric pronouns by their antecedent, e.g. the husband ... he. According to Corbett, languages in which pronouns present the only evidence for gender are to be included in grammatical gender languages but, as this approach is not generally accepted, he prefers to label them 'pronominal gender systems (1991: 5). In Daphne du Maurier's gothic-like novel Rebecca, the protagonists, Maxim and his wife, have invited some relatives to their once-deserted manor in the English countryside. After dinner, Maxim's brother-in-law expresses his admiration for the meal by saying: Same cook I suppose, Maxim There is no later reference in the book to the cook and the sex of this chef de cuisine is never revealed. How does a translator, whose task it is to translate the sentence into a language that shows grammatical gender, cope with this problem How does he/she know whether the cook is male or female When a language that shows grammatical gender marks gender syntactically in a way unavailable to a pronominal gender language, difficulties may arise for the translator as to how to supply the information about the sex of the person in question. Grammatical gender may cause translator some difficulties when they translate from the source language in which gender is differently grammaticalized compared with the target language. These difficulties may be particularly intensified when grammatical gender coincides with the sex of the referent.Nissen (2002; 27), for example, presents an example in which source language shows grammatical gender syntactically in a way unavailable to the target language, so that, difficulties arise from the translator as to how to convey the information about the sex of the person in question. When grammatical gender is a category with syntactic consequences throughout the grammars, English is said to show ‘Semantic gender’ i.e. the nouns English speakers refer to ‘she’ or ‘he’, assumed to possess a biologically feminine semantic property in the real world. The surprising incongruity reflected by the translations above could lead to the assumption that the assignment of social gender depends on the target language as such, perhaps because of its internal structure. However, the next fragment and its translations demonstrate that the target language as such is not crucial, but, rather, the cultural and, hence, ideological assumptions in which the language is 'embedded'. In languages that are said to have a pronominal gender system, gender is marked solely a personal pronoun (Carbett, 1991; 12).English has a pronominal gender system based on semantic criteria that is reflected only in personal possessive and reflective third-person pronouns. The use of ‘she’, ‘he’ and ‘it’ determined by simple principles, male humans are masculine (he), female human are feminine (she). Translating the pronouns through languages that encodes gender differently in their pronoun systems has been always problematic, whereas some languages like Persian, do not encode gender distinction in their pronoun system at all. The Translation Theories: From History to Procedures Edited by Zainurrahman Source: Personal Journal of Philosophy of Language and Education (http://zainurrahmans.wordpress.com) 96
According to Livia(2003), when translating from a language in which there are many linguistic gender markers into a language which has fewer, either gender information is lost, or it is overstated, where in the original it is more subtly presupposed. Al-Quini (2001) argues that the translator has to make a decision between the masculine and feminine pronouns and the gender agreement entailed thereof. III. METHODOLOGY III.1. RESEARCH DESIGN The researcher chooses this subject because in translating the third- person pronoun and also in translating some pronouns or nouns whose gender is not obvious, always the translators face many problems. So the researcher decides to look at this problem carefully in order to find a way for having a good translation. The researcher tries to find some ways in order to translate the third-person pronoun in the possible contents. In languages, that are said to have a pronominal gender system, ’gender’ is marked solely on personal pronouns (Corbett,1991;12) .Translating pronoun between languages that encode gender differently in their pronoun systems has been always problematic, where as some languages like Persian, do not encode gender distinction in their pronoun system at all.Al- Quiani argues that the translator has to make a decision between the masculine and feminine pronouns and the gender agreement entailed thereof. But as the sex of the referent in the source language is not known, the unknown masculine rather than the feminine form is used. Nissen (2002) argued that in such cases, where target language does not mark gender in predicate construction, then the translator should resort to other means to convey necessary information about the sex of the referent. III.2. SAMPELS The researcher chooses the samples accidentally from the following books named: · “of Mice and Men”, which was written by ‘John Steinbeck’ and was translated by ‘Elham Tabe Ahmadi’. · ‘Sherlock Holmes’, which was written by Arthur Conan Doyle ‘and translated by ‘Monire Kordestany’. · ‘the Alchemist ‘ which was written by ‘Paulo Coelho’, with two translation 1) Arash Hejazi 2) Dr. Bahram Jafari’s translation. · “The biography of Avicenna” which was written and translated by “Eqbal Farhat”. III.3. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE The researcher selected some sentences from the above mentioned books, and in some parts she compared the sentences with each other in order to see which one is the best. There are some sentences which are collected from the book “SHERLOCK HOLMES”: خستھ و ناراحت بھ نظر میرسید و چھره اش بسیار رنگ پریده بود.‏ She looked tired and unhappy and her face was very white. In this sentence as you can see the translator cannot decide who the subject is and what the gender is! · بنابراین برای پزشک شدن درس خواند،‏ و بھ ھند رفت.‏ So he studied to be a doctor, and went out to India. Here again the gender is not obvious in the Persian sentence. · یکبار در ھند از خدمتکار ھندی اش عصبانی شد و او را کشت.‏ The Translation Theories: From History to Procedures Edited by Zainurrahman Source: Personal Journal of Philosophy of Language and Education (http://zainurrahmans.wordpress.com) 97 ·
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2009 The Theories of Translation Fr
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The History of Translation By Marou
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models of translation quality asses
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Nowadays, Arab translations know ma
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Hermes—God of Translators and Int
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Interpres divum, messenger, Mercury
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Now let's look at Plato's more posi
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That's why I made this chart—to h
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After all, people fight over the co
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Did I say that human beings go arou
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containing what I just read you to
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"Language, any of the numerous comp
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Translation and Interpreting Method
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I giovani d’oggi non fanno più n
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sense) or imitation (rewrite) (Berg
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translation methodology varies acco
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While PS could be seen to offer an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Adler, Warren. La Guer
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findings, M.A.K. Halliday, the repr
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A. a. In China, the book received t
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their own statements in circulation
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consequences of his translational a
Page 45 and 46: objectified. Because language comes
Page 47 and 48: This trend of determining meaning i
Page 49 and 50: Research Press. Beijing. 7. Perron,
Page 51 and 52: 1) Ecology: flora, fauna, hills, wi
Page 53 and 54: i) Differences in form j) Differenc
Page 55 and 56: (unfaithful beauties), translations
Page 57 and 58: contributed to enriching their own
Page 59 and 60: In the mid 1980s Vermeer introduced
Page 61 and 62: Style and Stylistic Accommodation i
Page 63 and 64: writing Hemingway provided detached
Page 65 and 66: humanity; the rediscovery of the ar
Page 67 and 68: with certain prominent nouns belong
Page 69 and 70: another, one culture to another, in
Page 71 and 72: particular context” (p. 5). She p
Page 73 and 74: There’s a wealth of driving equip
Page 75 and 76: [4] Nissen’s prescription-like co
Page 77 and 78: Thus, the experimental data on cere
Page 79 and 80: 4.3 Translation of poetic texts The
Page 81 and 82: (imposing), kolos (colossus). Next,
Page 83 and 84: The logical cohesion quotient (LCQ)
Page 85 and 86: Meaning: A translator's view of how
Page 87 and 88: This is not the only example that s
Page 89 and 90: Therefore whether words or numbers,
Page 91 and 92: Most people believe that reality is
Page 93 and 94: testing which takes place within a
Page 95: There are certain elements in every
Page 99 and 100: If he’s her lawyer, perhaps she
Page 101 and 102: expressions where the determination
Page 103 and 104: It is part of the meaning of a tran
Page 105 and 106: the notions of "natural selection"
Page 107 and 108: advocacy of revolution in fiction,
Page 109 and 110: As for the latter, throughout Chine
Page 111 and 112: Chinese situation. In opposition to
Page 113 and 114: Writing and Translation By Rafael F
Page 115 and 116: . Borrowing Concerning borrowing, w
Page 117 and 118: second type, ‘free modulation’,
Page 119 and 120: In short, undoubtedly, adaptation,
Page 121 and 122: another, since each language articu
Page 123 and 124: 4. Opting for a word in the TL whic
Page 125 and 126: Regarding the translation of PNs, N
Page 127: Loescher, W. (1991). Translation pe
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