arc-flash analysis of utility power systems - Michigan Technological ...

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This report, “Arc-Flash Analysis of Utility Power Systems,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Signatures: Report Advisor: _____________________________________________ Dr. Bruce A. Mork Department Chair: _____________________________________________ Dr. Daniel R. Fuhrmann Date: _____________________________________________
Table of Contents Table of Contents............................................................................................... iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... v List of Tables ...................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ vii Abstract ............................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1:Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2:Background Information and Preexisting Work ............................. 4 2.1 Literature Search ...................................................................................... 4 2.2 History of Work and Theoretical Foundations ...................................... 5 2.3 Behavior of Arcs ........................................................................................ 7 Chapter 3:Arc-Flash Calculation Methods ..................................................... 10 3.1 Applicable Standards .............................................................................. 10 3.2 Emperical Equations .............................................................................. 11 3.3 National Electrical Safety Code Look-up Tables ................................. 15 3.4 ASPEN® Software .................................................................................. 18 3.4.1 Software Benchmarking ................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 4:Issues of Concern ............................................................................ 22 4.1 Faults ........................................................................................................ 22 4.2 Energy Exposure ..................................................................................... 23 4.2.1 50/51 Application .......................................................................................................... 24 4.2.2 Discontinuity Due to Voltage Levels ............................................................................ 24 4.3 Linearity of Incident Energy .................................................................. 33 4.4 Radial Feeders ......................................................................................... 35 Chapter 5:Mitigation Methods and Hazard Reduction ................................... 37 5.1 System Modifications .............................................................................. 37 5.2 Relay Application Changes .................................................................... 37 5.2.1 50 Application ............................................................................................................... 38 5.2.2 Optical Detectors ........................................................................................................... 38 iii
Page 1: ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS OF UTILITY POWER
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1.1: Lab dem
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1: Introduction Electric ut
Page 11 and 12: 2, by using tables developed by the
Page 13 and 14: If the assessment reveals that the
Page 15 and 16: distance, I 2 t/d 3 , isn’t clear
Page 17 and 18: (subscript 1), one of moderate leng
Page 19 and 20: equations are used to calculate the
Page 21 and 22: By raising 10 to the power of l g E
Page 23 and 24: 3.3 National Electrical Safety Code
Page 25 and 26: Table 3.3: Live-line tool work PPE
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3.2: ASPEN® arc-flash calcu
Page 29 and 30: After the verification of the MATLA
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4.1: Example system oneline
Page 33 and 34: An evaluation of this condition was
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4.4: Incident energy using e
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4.6: Incident energy based o
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.8: Incident energy followi
Page 41 and 42: Special consideration needs to be t
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.11: Potential incident ene
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 5: Mitigation Methods and H
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommen
Page 49 and 50: • Perform a full system analysis
Page 51 and 52: Appendix A Procedure for Arc-Flash
Page 53 and 54:
Appendix B Arc-Flash Analyzer Verif
Page 55 and 56:
elow System Voltage Fault Current A
Page 57 and 58:
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Page 59 and 60:
% See ISPC and COMPUTER. if ispc se
Page 61 and 62:
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Page 63 and 64:
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Page 65 and 66:
C.1 System Online Diagram Appendix
Page 67 and 68:
C.5 Relay Data Table C.4: Example s
Page 69 and 70:
Bus = Bus 3 138kV Equipment categor
Page 71 and 72:
Breaker interrupting time (cycles)
Page 73 and 74:
D.2 PPE Levels Required Substation
Page 75 and 76:
Breaker interrupting time (cycles)
Page 77 and 78:
Interrupting device = [OC relay] Sy
Page 79 and 80:
Appendix F Energy Plot Data Table F
Page 81 and 82:
87 0.090393103 0.36157241 0.9039310
Page 83 and 84:
2.722222222 45.4311525 181.7246 454
Page 85 and 86:
5.277777778 170.767831 683.0713 170
Page 87 and 88:
7.833333333 376.180721 1504.723 376
Page 89 and 90:
10.38888889 661.669821 2646.679 661
Page 91 and 92:
12.94444444 1027.23513 4108.941 102
Page 93 and 94:
2.138888889 12.2298446 48.91938 122
Page 95 and 96:
4.694444444 28.1962506 112.785 281.
Page 97 and 98:
7.25 44.7470866 178.9883 447.4709 9
Page 99 and 100:
9.805555556 61.6752248 246.7009 616
Page 101 and 102:
12.36111111 78.8850842 315.5403 788
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