arc-flash analysis of utility power systems - Michigan Technological ...

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Figure 4.3: Incident energy based on empirical equation for equipment less than 1 kV The opposite trend is found when only using the equation for equipment above 1 kV and less than 15 kV. This can be seen below in Figure 4.4. 26
Figure 4.4: Incident energy using equation for equipment above 1 kV and less than 15 kV Figure 4.5 is a plot of the incident energy using the equation required based on the bus voltage. As it shows, the incident energy increases as the voltage increases until it reaches 1 kV. At this point, the equation for equipment above 1 kV and less than 15 kV takes over and we see a slight increase in incident energy up to 1.1 kV and then the incident energy decreases. The discontinuity can be associated to two factors. First, in the equation for equipment less than 1 kV, (3.1) above, uses the conductor gap to calculate the arcing current. This full value isn’ t applied to the equation but a fraction of it is, increasing the log of the arcing current available. This gap isn’ t applied in the equation for equipment greater than 1 kV and less than 15 kV, (3.2) above. Second, in equation (3.1), the equipment voltage is used to calculate the arcing current. When the voltage is less than 1 kV, this applies a fraction of the log of the arcing current. When the log of the arcing current is then applied to find the normalized incident energy, the normalized incident energy is also reduced. Once the voltage is greater than 1 kV, the log of the arcing currents starts to decrease causing the decrease in incident energy. An example of this can be seen using the values from 27
Page 1 and 2: ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS OF UTILITY POWER
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: List of Figures Figure 1.1: Lab dem
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements I would like to th
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1: Introduction Electric ut
Page 11 and 12: 2, by using tables developed by the
Page 13 and 14: If the assessment reveals that the
Page 15 and 16: distance, I 2 t/d 3 , isn’t clear
Page 17 and 18: (subscript 1), one of moderate leng
Page 19 and 20: equations are used to calculate the
Page 21 and 22: By raising 10 to the power of l g E
Page 23 and 24: 3.3 National Electrical Safety Code
Page 25 and 26: Table 3.3: Live-line tool work PPE
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3.2: ASPEN® arc-flash calcu
Page 29 and 30: After the verification of the MATLA
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4.1: Example system oneline
Page 33: An evaluation of this condition was
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4.6: Incident energy based o
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4.8: Incident energy followi
Page 41 and 42: Special consideration needs to be t
Page 43 and 44: Figure 4.11: Potential incident ene
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 5: Mitigation Methods and H
Page 47 and 48: Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommen
Page 49 and 50: • Perform a full system analysis
Page 51 and 52: Appendix A Procedure for Arc-Flash
Page 53 and 54: Appendix B Arc-Flash Analyzer Verif
Page 55 and 56: elow System Voltage Fault Current A
Page 57 and 58: % Update handles structure guidata(
Page 59 and 60: % See ISPC and COMPUTER. if ispc se
Page 61 and 62: else set(hObject,'BackgroundColor',
Page 63 and 64: % str2double(get(hObject,'String'))
Page 65 and 66: C.1 System Online Diagram Appendix
Page 67 and 68: C.5 Relay Data Table C.4: Example s
Page 69 and 70: Bus = Bus 3 138kV Equipment categor
Page 71 and 72: Breaker interrupting time (cycles)
Page 73 and 74: D.2 PPE Levels Required Substation
Page 75 and 76: Breaker interrupting time (cycles)
Page 77 and 78: Interrupting device = [OC relay] Sy
Page 79 and 80: Appendix F Energy Plot Data Table F
Page 81 and 82: 87 0.090393103 0.36157241 0.9039310
Page 83 and 84: 2.722222222 45.4311525 181.7246 454
Page 85 and 86:
5.277777778 170.767831 683.0713 170
Page 87 and 88:
7.833333333 376.180721 1504.723 376
Page 89 and 90:
10.38888889 661.669821 2646.679 661
Page 91 and 92:
12.94444444 1027.23513 4108.941 102
Page 93 and 94:
2.138888889 12.2298446 48.91938 122
Page 95 and 96:
4.694444444 28.1962506 112.785 281.
Page 97 and 98:
7.25 44.7470866 178.9883 447.4709 9
Page 99 and 100:
9.805555556 61.6752248 246.7009 616
Page 101 and 102:
12.36111111 78.8850842 315.5403 788
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