Quality Assurance Systems in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

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ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN APEC MEMBER ECONOMIES JQRC JUAA KCUE KEDI LAN MoC MoE MQA NAA NIAD-UE NZQA NZUAAU OCGS ONESQA PAASCU QA QE SHEAC SPRING UGC WECT Joint Quality Review Committee (Hong Kong) Japan University Accreditation Association Korean Council for University Education Korean Educational Development Institute National Accreditation Board (Malaysia) Memorandum of Cooperation Ministry of Education Malaysian Qualifications Authority National Accreditation Agency (Russia) National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation (Japan) New Zealand Qualifications Authority New Zealand Universities Academic Audit Unit Ontario Council on Graduate Studies (Canada) Office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment (Thailand) Philippines Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities Quality Assurance Quality Enhancement Singapore HE Accreditation Council Standards, Productivity and Innovation Board (Singapore) University Grants Committee (Hong Kong) Western Cooperative for Educational Telecommunications viii
ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN APEC MEMBER ECONOMIES Executive Summary At the Third APEC Education Ministers Meeting in April 2004, Ministers stated that ‘economies need transparent, accountable, regulatory, accreditation and quality assurance systems’. Because of this national need, in all economies governments have a major role in quality assurance, but the precise role and the level of involvement vary between economies and over time. However, there have been radical changes in higher education over the last 20 years that have required consequential changes to the approaches to regulation and quality. Massive increases in student numbers, total cost of higher education, the cross-border mobility of students and graduates, and the cross-border mobility of education have all combined to force the changes. Economies have responded to these changes in many different ways and consequently, the QA processes of the APEC region have many variations mainly to serve the unique national contexts. In many economies modes of quality assurance are exercised by both the traditional government bodies such as ministries and funding councils, and by a new crop of quality assurance agencies. Professional accreditation is also well established in areas such as medicine, nursing, law, engineering and accounting. Considering the role of government and professional councils as given, this survey intentionally gives more emphasis to the newer and emerging quality assurance developments beyond the ministries and professional councils. A light attention to the role of governments and professional councils does not mean that their roles have not been considered. It only means that they have well established systems in place for achieving what they intend to do. It is the emerging QA systems that need to look for practices and successful models elsewhere. This report addresses those needs. Diversities and Commonalities The establishment, ownership, legal basis, governance, funding and the level of independence of the QA agency vary among the economies. Correspondingly, the scope and objectives of the agency and the characteristics of its Quality Assurance Framework differ. Variations are seen in aspects such as: Unit of Quality Assurance: Institution vs Programs Nature of the QA Process: Mandatory vs Voluntary Aspects considered for QA Role of Institutions in Constituting the Review Team Role of Agency Staff in On-site Visit Disclosure of QA Outcomes Implications of QA Outcome Appeals Mechanism Post-QA Follow-up At the same time, whatever their approach to quality assurance in terms of the aspects listed above, the quality assurance systems of the APEC region have the following common critical core elements: 1. Review based on pre-determined criteria; 2. QA process based on a combination of self-assessment and external peer review; and 3. Final decision by the quality assurance agency. ix
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Quality Assurance Systems in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

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