3PMjournal_2010s2
3PMjournal_2010s2
3PMjournal_2010s2
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3pm Journal of Digital Research & Publishing<br />
how we defined games. The arrival of Atari and Pacman software in the 1980’s legitimized<br />
this new and approved form of alternative ‘play’ – one that no longer necessitated ‘going<br />
outside’ - in the minds of 80’s youth and their baby-boomer parents. Leisure, play and<br />
entertainment space was converging right before our very eyes. (Crawford 2004) Did we<br />
see it? Of course we did. Did we understand what it would mean for us technologically,<br />
socially or even culturally? Not intrinsically. We did however understand that gaming on<br />
computers was separate to playing and watching football: because sport was consumed live<br />
or via the mediums of television (maybe even recorded on VCR for delayed viewing) and<br />
radio (Cashman 2005). That was convergence in Australia pre-internet (Simons 2007).<br />
Up until 1995, the key differentiator between all four football codes: Rugby Union was<br />
the only amateur code in Australia. However, during season 1995 ex-rugby player, Ross<br />
Turnbull, led a ‘rebel’ group of corporates in a charge against the establishment with the<br />
World Rugby Corporation. Having signed up some of the biggest names in international<br />
rugby, the Australian led ‘rebellion’ - as coined by both the establishment and the rugby<br />
press at the time 6 . It was a social, political and cultural challenge, founded in the economics<br />
of mass entertainment that would redefine the operational constructs within which not only<br />
the players and the code would function, but also how mass (digital) media entertainment<br />
would be produced in a converging global consumer sphere 7 .<br />
This wasn’t necessarily anything new in Australian rugby. Afterall, it was essentially,<br />
the same player-driven, corporate-supported revolution that provoked the creation<br />
of Australian Rugby League in the early 20 th century (Phillips 1994). However, unlike<br />
the rebel breakaway league post-WWI, rugby union’s resolution came in the form of a<br />
new international administrative and operational response negotiated between newly<br />
formed players unions and administrators, enabled ultimately through corporate media<br />
sponsorship. Effectively, commercializing and globalizing the game of rugby union.<br />
The Australian Rugby Union was now a founding member of an international rugby<br />
6 Ex-Wallaby and Fairfax journalist, Peter Fitzsimmons’ book The Rugby War,<br />
published in 1996 embodies the sentiment of the time.<br />
7 Dana Thussu (1998), Electronic empires: global media and local resistance<br />
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