child pornography and sexual exploitation of children online

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as the Internet has become more available to a larger group of people, and the ability to access child pornography has become easier, so we are more likely to see the convictions of people who appear similar to the general population. A recent study by Middleton (in press) of 72 Internet sex offenders found that, “It should also be noted that almost half of the coded sample could not be assigned to any of the five aetiological pathways outlined by Ward and Siegert (2002). These individuals recorded no problems with intimacy or dealing with negative emotions, no distortions in their sexual scripts, and no anti-social cognitions, regarding the appropriateness of sexual contact with children, and yet have been prosecuted for using the Internet to access abusive images of children. This appears to suggest that there is a population of Internet offenders who do not share the psychological vulnerabilities typically displayed by sex offenders”. Middleton (in press) concludes that more research is needed, “to develop offence specific assessment tools and in analysing the particular factors that can lead an individual from seeking to view indecent images of children to moving into the commission of contact offences”. Seto et al. (2006) suggested that child pornography offending is a stronger diagnostic indicator of paedophilia than is sexual offending against child victims. However, such a conclusion poses problems for us in how we make sense of the many thousands of people who seem to be accessing abusive images of children every day. Those engaged in sexual exploitation through the production, distribution and possession of abuse images may not be driven solely by their paedophilic interest but by other motives: or do we conclude from this that our understanding of the numbers of people who may be classified as paedophiles is a gross underestimate of the prevalence within the general population? Another possible, or at least partial, explanation for the results of this important study may lie in the nature of the stimuli themselves, and that for men who have spent long periods downloading and accessing child pornographic images and masturbating to ejaculation to them, the visual stimuli themselves are highly salient, and perhaps more so than for men who use private fantasies or actual children as the focus of their arousal (Quayle, 2008). A more detailed discussion of the role of fantasy in both contact and Internet offenders can be found in Sheldon and Howitt (2008). The section concludes by examining the, at times, conflicting research about the relationship between viewing abusive images and the commission of further offences against children in both the online and offline environments. There is a clear need for further research to explore the inherent aspects of the new technologies that appear to increase the likelihood of sexually exploitative and sexually abusive practices towards children in relation to the new technologies. 38|Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online
3. Child victims of abuse via the new technologies 3.1 Identification of the child victim in abusive images The lack of knowledge about children being abused through photography is reflected in the relatively small numbers who are ever identified. Where identification does take place, there is little consistent empirical data, although the US’s National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) suggested that as of September 2008, 1660 children had been identified through distributed and non-distributed images (73% female and 27% male). Table 4 is the most complete data set of identified children available, but is based only on what has been reported to NCMEC by law enforcement (Lee, 2008). The numbers for GENDER represent actual individual children, whereas the numbers for AGE CATEGORY represents the percentage of identified series. There can be more than one child within a series so, for example, a series that has four prepubescent boys will be counted once, as the percentage represents the series, not children. The statistics for ETHNICITY also represent series and include all the identified series in the NCMEC system, as well as some other known child sexual abuse series that are currently being investigated. Table 4: Identified children reported to NCMEC by law enforcement agencies (Lee, 2008) GENDER OF IDENTIFIED VICTIMS Male 450 Female 1210 AGE CATEGORY OF IDENTIFIED SERIES Infant/Toddler 6% Prepubescent 49% Pubescent 45% Child Pornography and Sexual Exploitation of Children Online |39
Page 1: CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND SEXUAL EXPLOI
Page 5 and 6: Child Pornography and Sexual Exploi
Page 7 and 8: 6.1.5 Media co-operation 95 6.1.6 E
Page 9 and 10: Executive Summary Ü This thematic
Page 11 and 12: importance for children who are sam
Page 13 and 14: Actions to be achieved by 2013 Toge
Page 15 and 16: Positive advances were also noted,
Page 17 and 18: 2. Adult perpetrators of abuse 2.1
Page 19 and 20: 2 (c) defined child pornography as,
Page 21 and 22: Taylor, 2002). In part, this relate
Page 23 and 24: Level 7: Explicit Sexual Activity.
Page 25 and 26: and carefree the child seems to be,
Page 27 and 28: Society (External Experts Study Gro
Page 29 and 30: 2.3 The Internet sex offender, the
Page 31 and 32: e criminalised before the offender
Page 33 and 34: Non-secure collector: This person p
Page 35 and 36: This section examines the potential
Page 37 and 38: about sexually abusive practices an
Page 39 and 40: Activity Number Percentage Physical
Page 41 and 42: searched for files on Gnutella are
Page 43 and 44: for a minimum of several months, wi
Page 45: develop a risk assessment that will
Page 49 and 50: that a more conservative estimate w
Page 51 and 52: States need to demonstrate investme
Page 53 and 54: we investigate such cases and how w
Page 55 and 56: Table 5: Disclosure of abuse throug
Page 57 and 58: Silbert (1989) made reference to th
Page 59 and 60: they will have had no control over
Page 61 and 62: 3.3 Children persuaded and coerced
Page 63 and 64: all crimes in which the victim thou
Page 65 and 66: situation have reported to one of t
Page 67 and 68: programmed to make them difficult t
Page 69 and 70: disorders, for young offenders with
Page 71 and 72: ealising how widely they could be c
Page 73 and 74: contexts, be seen as a consequence
Page 75 and 76: some people they connect with onlin
Page 77 and 78: Two studies by Lwin et al. (2008) l
Page 79 and 80: perhaps reaching the same conclusio
Page 81 and 82: 4.5.2 Young people accessing child
Page 83 and 84: Some abusers intent on grooming you
Page 85 and 86: or young person’s experience of b
Page 87 and 88: for different psychosocial problems
Page 89 and 90: A recent study from Ukraine demonst
Page 91 and 92: paper, such as online abuse where t
Page 93 and 94: definition in Article 20 - Offences
Page 95 and 96: • Which is a visual or audio repr
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i. The display of the material by a
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sex offending, this would certainly
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the vast majority who met someone o
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6.1.6 Evaluation of impact Few info
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most countries. However, such image
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of online child sexual abuse conten
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gambling). Based on research commis
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7. Recommendations In preparation o
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Endnotes 1 Dr. Ethel Quayle, COPINE
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Bensimon, P. The role of pornograph
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Flood, M. Exposure to pornography a
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Joyce, E. and Kraut, R. Predicting
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Mitchell, K.J., Finkelhor, D. and W
Page 123 and 124:
Shukan Bunshun. Yoji Rape Bon ga Ba
Page 125:
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell,
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