Bronze Edition Guide - True BASIC

More documents

Recommendations

Info

a list. You may select any of the listed errors and the cursor will immediately go to the line and character position where the error occurred. Prior to running your program, the editor adds a few extra lines of code to a copy of your source program (this preserves the original) and it is this copy that is run. These extra lines include adding any loaded libraries and aliases. In the case of MODULES and EXTERNAL program units, no extra code is added and no loaded libraries are added. Remember that the default directory is where the bound program is launched from. CAUTION: if you are using line numbers, make sure to leave plenty of space between your line numbers to allow the editor room for the extra code between your lines. Intervals of 10 are normally sufficient. • BREAKPOINT – will mark your program at the line where the cursor is positioned. BREAKPOINT is normally disabled (grayed out) and only becomes active when you select DEBUG MODE from the SETTINGS menu. The breakpoint will appear as the word surrounded angle brackets. This is a toggle action feature, i.e. if the line already has a breakpoint then it will be switched off, but if there is no breakpoint then one will be added. If you RUN your program with breakpoints marked, the program will stop at the first breakpoint. A dialog box will give you the opportunity to continue running your program. All breakpoints are cleared when you toggle DEBUG MODE again. If you insert a series of variable names immediately after the breakpoint, e.g. a,n,string$,xyz,b then when your program halts at the breakpoint a list of all these variables and their current values will be displayed. In this way you can track the changing values of any variable while the program is running. This is a valuable aid to debugging. CAUTION: if you are using line numbers, make sure to leave plenty of space between your line numbers (10 lines is usually sufficient) to allow the editor to insert extra code between your lines to achieve this breakpoint feature. • COMPILE – will cause your program to be converted into a coded format that the computer understands. Unlike earlier editors, your program will be preserved. The compiled version will be automatically saved with the same file name and in the same folder as your source program, but the extension will be changed to TRC instead of TRU. Prior to the compiling process, the editor adds a few extra lines of code to a copy of your source program (preserving the original) and it is this copy which is compiled. These extra lines include adding any loaded libraries and aliases. In other words, a compiled program will run exactly like a source program. The exceptions to this rule are MODULES and EXTERNAL program units. In these two cases, no extra code or loaded libraries are added. Remember that the default directory is where the TRC program is launched from. CAUTION: if you are using line numbers, make sure to leave plenty (10 is usually sufficient) of space between your line numbers to allow the editor room for the extra code between your lines. • BIND – is a special linking process that combines your program with any library modules and other resources to produce a stand-alone executable application. The default name of this application is the same as your original source code except the extension is changed to EXE instead of TRU. A dialog box allows you to change this name and to specify the folder where the executable file will be saved. NOTE: this feature is NOT available in the Bronze edition so the menu item is grayed out and disabled. Prior to the binding process, the editor adds a few extra lines of code to a copy of your source program (preserving the original) and it is this copy which is bound. These extra lines include adding any loaded libraries and aliases, but DO NOT include the code that retains the output window. In other words, when your program reaches the END statement, the proram will stop and the screen will clear. If you need to retain the output window, you must add the code yourself. For example, immediately before the END statement add the following line: CALL TBexitroutine This will preserve your last screen until the user presses any key or clicks the mouse. xvii
xviii Remember that the default directory is where the bound program is launched from. CAUTION: if you are using line numbers, make sure to leave plenty (10 is usually sufficient) of space between your line numbers to allow the editor room for the extra code between your lines. • TRACE – is another feature that helps you locate errors in your program by stepping through your program line by line. Essentially TRACE puts a breakpoint on every line. TRACE is normally disabled (grayed out) and only becomes active when you select DEBUG MODE from the SETTINGS menu. All breakpoints are cleared when you toggle DEBUG MODE again. • DO – is a general-purpose command in which you specify and run an EXTERNAL program unit. A file selector dialog box will assist you in locating the DO program of your choice. Note: the program RUNDO.TRU is NOT a DO program and will generate errors if you attempt to run it. Do not move or delete this file because you will no longer be able to run any DO programs. • DO FORMAT – is a built-in routine that indents your program text depending on certain keywords in order to make the text more readable. It also helps you to locate errors because it aligns corresponding statements such as FOR… NEXT and DO….LOOP. If these statements are not perfectly aligned then there must be an error in the code between these statements. You will find that this menu option is one of the most frequently used features in the editor. • DO UPPER – is a built-in routine that will convert the text of any True BASIC program to all upper case (capital letters). • DO LOWER – is a built-in routine that will convert the text of any True BASIC program to all lower case (small letters). WINDOW MENU • RECENT FILES – this option displays a rolling list of the ten most recently closed files. As you close more files, older files will drop off the bottom of the list. NOTE: At the bottom of the WINDOW menu there will be a list of all the program files that are currently OPEN. The list shows the full path name of each file. The current program file will be ticked. You may click the mouse on any of these file names to force the file to become the focus of the editor. When you close a program file it is removed from this list. SETTINGS MENU • SAVE ON CLOSE – this option sets an internal toggle action switch that automatically saves your program when you close the window. When the internal switch is active a tick will appear against this item. Click on this item again to cancel the internal switch and the tick will be erased. The default condition is OFF. The True BASIC editor will try to help you avoid catastrophic mistakes by presenting you with a dialog box that asks if you wish to save your program every time you click on the close window button. • BACKUP ON SAVE – this option allows you to set an internal switch that will automatically produce a back-up copy of any program at the time you save the program. The back-up copy has the same name as the original file except the extension is BAK instead of TRU. When the internal switch is active a tick will appear against this item. Click on this item again to cancel the internal switch and the tick will be erased. This is known as a toggle action switch; click once for ON and click again for OFF. The default condition is ON. • DEBUG MODE – is a toggle action switch that enables the BREAKPOINTS and TRACE options under the RUN menu. When DEBUG MODE is switched ON the item is ticked. When the switch is OFF the tick is erased and your program will run as normal. All breakpoints are removed when DEBUG MODE is switched OFF. The default condition is OFF.
Page 2 and 3: BRONZE Edition Reference Manual Joh
Page 4 and 5: 4 BRONZE Edition Reference Manual 7
Page 6 and 7: 6 BRONZE Edition Reference Manual P
Page 8 and 9: 9 CHAPTER An Introduction to Progra
Page 10 and 11: 11 CHAPTER Why True BASIC? 2 True B
Page 12 and 13: 13 Installing True BASIC and Using
Page 14 and 15: Using the True BASIC 6.0 Editor Eve
Page 16 and 17: iii Short cuts The default setting
Page 18 and 19: UNDO and REDO UNDO can be applied t
Page 20 and 21: v TOOLBAR In this version of the ed
Page 22 and 23: that have a habit of making mistake
Page 24 and 25: ix EXIT THE EDITOR If you wish to e
Page 26 and 27: xi RIGHT CLICK /SHORTCUT MENU By cl
Page 28 and 29: xiii 24 (orange) for Numeric variab
Page 30 and 31: Note: if you are running a program,
Page 32 and 33: xv • UNSAVE - is a drastic measur
Page 36 and 37: • CONFIRM QUIT - is a toggle acti
Page 38 and 39: xxi • MANUALS - will display a se
Page 40 and 41: xxiii examples that can be copied d
Page 42 and 43: 24 BRONZE Edition Guide It doesn’
Page 44 and 45: 26 BRONZE Edition Guide The PRINT S
Page 46 and 47: 28 BRONZE Edition Guide Making Simp
Page 48 and 49: 30 BRONZE Edition Guide When the pr
Page 50 and 51: 33 CHAPTER Constants, Variables and
Page 52 and 53: 6. Constants, Variables, and Expres
Page 58 and 59: 41 CHAPTER More on Input and Output
Page 60 and 61: 7. More on Input and Output 43 Can
Page 62 and 63: 7. More on Input and Output 45 Here
Page 64 and 65: 47 CHAPTER Loop Structures 8 So far
Page 66 and 67: 8. Loop Structures 49 .5 .70710678
Page 68 and 69: 8. Loop Structures 51 This program
Page 70 and 71: 8. Loop Structures 53 Notice that y
Page 72 and 73: 8. Loop Structures 55 Change the in
Page 74 and 75: 57 CHAPTER Decision Structures 9 So
Page 76 and 77: 9. Decision Structures 59 Even thou
Page 78 and 79: 9. Decision Structures 61 The RANDO
Page 80 and 81: 9. Decision Structures 63 Other Dec
Page 82 and 83: 65 CHAPTER Formatting and Printing
Page 84 and 85:
10. Formatting and Printing Your Pr
Page 86 and 87:
10. Formatting and Printing Your Pr
Page 88 and 89:
71 CHAPTER Editing Hints and Shortc
Page 90 and 91:
11. Editing Hints and Shortcuts 73
Page 92 and 93:
11. Editing Hints and Shortcuts 75
Page 94 and 95:
77 CHAPTER Using and Storing Data 1
Page 96 and 97:
12. Using and Storing Data 79 times
Page 98 and 99:
12. Using and Storing Data 81 Reusi
Page 100 and 101:
12. Using and Storing Data 83 compu
Page 102 and 103:
12. Using and Storing Data 85 —
Page 104 and 105:
12. Using and Storing Data 87 IF re
Page 106 and 107:
12. Using and Storing Data 89 The L
Page 108 and 109:
12. Using and Storing Data 91 More
Page 110 and 111:
93 CHAPTER Arrays and Matrices 13 P
Page 112 and 113:
13. Arrays and Matrices 95 item$ ha
Page 114 and 115:
13. Arrays and Matrices 97 The DIM
Page 116 and 117:
13. Arrays and Matrices 99 The MAT
Page 118 and 119:
13. Arrays and Matrices 101 Advance
Page 120 and 121:
103 CHAPTER Functions and Subroutin
Page 122 and 123:
14. Functions and Subroutines 105 C
Page 124 and 125:
14. Functions and Subroutines 107 I
Page 126 and 127:
14. Functions and Subroutines 109 I
Page 128 and 129:
14. Functions and Subroutines 111 E
Page 130 and 131:
113 CHAPTER Libraries 15 Subroutine
Page 132 and 133:
15. Libraries 115 DECLARE DEF state
Page 134 and 135:
117 CHAPTER Graphics 16 Using True
Page 136 and 137:
16. Graphics 119 Figure 16.2 - Hori
Page 138 and 139:
16. Graphics 121 You can draw circl
Page 140 and 141:
16. Graphics 123 The table shows th
Page 142 and 143:
16. Graphics 125 LET x = 0 FOR move
Page 144 and 145:
16. Graphics 127 The SHEAR transfor
Page 146 and 147:
16. Graphics 129 LIBRARY “GraphLi
Page 148 and 149:
16. Graphics 131 Programming for Wi
Page 150 and 151:
16. Graphics 133 as push buttons, e
Page 152 and 153:
135 CHAPTER Sound and Music 17 You
Page 154 and 155:
17. Sound and Music 137 F4 F4 G4 E4
Page 156 and 157:
139 CHAPTER Correcting Errors and D
Page 158 and 159:
18. Correcting Errors and Debugging
Page 160 and 161:
18. Correcting Errors and Debugging
Page 162 and 163:
145 ASCII Character Set APPENDIX A
Page 164 and 165:
147 True BASIC Statements APPENDIX
Page 166 and 167:
B. True BASIC Statements 149 The fo
Page 168 and 169:
B. True BASIC Statements 151 Except
Page 170 and 171:
B. True BASIC Statements 153 CALL S
Page 172 and 173:
B. True BASIC Statements 155 on the
Page 174 and 175:
B. True BASIC Statements 157 FOR Lo
Page 176 and 177:
B. True BASIC Statements 159 all va
Page 178 and 179:
B. True BASIC Statements 161 PLAY S
Page 180 and 181:
B. True BASIC Statements 163 PROGRA
Page 182 and 183:
B. True BASIC Statements 165 SET CO
Page 184 and 185:
167 Built-in Functions APPENDIX C T
Page 186 and 187:
C. Built-in Functions 169 String Tr
Page 188 and 189:
C. Built-in Functions 171 ANS (defa
Page 190 and 191:
C. Built-in Functions 173 string fo
Page 192 and 193:
C. Built-in Functions 175 IP Functi
Page 194 and 195:
C. Built-in Functions 177 MOD Funct
Page 196 and 197:
C. Built-in Functions 179 POSR Func
Page 198 and 199:
C. Built-in Functions 181 SIZE Func
Page 200 and 201:
C. Built-in Functions 183 UCASE$ Fu
Page 202 and 203:
185 Explanations of Error Messages
Page 204 and 205:
D. Explanations of Error Messages 1
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
211 Making Your Own DO Programs APP
Page 220 and 221:
213 Several DO programs are already
Page 222 and 223:
215 APPENDIX PRINT USING Statement
Page 224 and 225:
H. PRINT USING Statement 217 Notice
Page 226 and 227:
H. PRINT USING Statement 219 Floati
Page 228 and 229:
H. PRINT USING Statement 221 s$ PRI
Page 230 and 231:
223 TRUE BASIC File Types APPENDIX
Page 232 and 233:
I. True BASIC File Types 225 Likewi
Page 234 and 235:
I. True BASIC File Types 227 or tra
Page 236 and 237:
I. True BASIC File Types 229 CASE
Page 238 and 239:
I. True BASIC File Types 231 Each R
Page 240 and 241:
I. True BASIC File Types 233 READ #
Page 242 and 243:
I. True BASIC File Types 235 actual
Page 244 and 245:
I. True BASIC File Types 237 As an
Page 246 and 247:
239 BASIC to True BASIC Converter A
Page 248 and 249:
J. Basic to True BASIC Converter 24
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
250 BRONZE Edition Guide CALL state
Page 258 and 259:
252 BRONZE Edition Guide user-defin
Page 260 and 261:
254 BRONZE Edition Guide Output Win
Page 262:
256 BRONZE Edition Guide selecting,
show all

Bronze Edition Guide - True BASIC

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?