Resistance
Resistance
Resistance
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Running (train) <strong>Resistance</strong><br />
Internal resistance ( 列 車 機 件 間 活 動 摩 擦 損 耗 )<br />
Axle loading related<br />
• Journal friction<br />
• Rolling resistance<br />
• Track resistance<br />
Speed related<br />
• Flange friction<br />
• Oscillation, swaying<br />
Square of speed related<br />
• Air resistance