- Page 1: OSBORNE 16-Bit Microprocessor Handb
- Page 5: Contributing Authors The following
- Page 8 and 9: 7. The Motorola MC68000 7-1 MC68000
- Page 10 and 11: TIMING DIAGRAM CONVENTIONS Timing d
- Page 12 and 13: Thus a low-to-high transition of on
- Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 THE NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTO
- Page 17 and 18: INTERRUPT AND JUMP CONDITIONS PACE
- Page 19 and 20: Clock Logic Interface Logic Interfa
- Page 21 and 22: Splitting the base page between the
- Page 23 and 24: If indirect addressing with indexin
- Page 25 and 26: There are 16 data and address lines
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 1-6 illustrates timing for a
- Page 29 and 30: control panel. this 7/8 duty cycle
- Page 31 and 32: Most microprocessor.s have a Bus Re
- Page 33 and 34: itiated. Since we do not know wheth
- Page 35 and 36: Figu re 1-14 depicts the interrupt
- Page 37 and 38: o cycusi ® I--- > 11 +'e ~ 8 +'e C
- Page 39 and 40: v LEVEL 0 INTERRUPT REQUEST NOTE: I
- Page 41 and 42: Table 1-1. INS8900 and PACE Instruc
- Page 43 and 44: Table 1-1. 'INS8900 and PACE Instru
- Page 45 and 46: The following symbols are used in T
- Page 47 and 48: NOTES: Table 1-3. Branch Conditions
- Page 49 and 50: must be replaced by these instructi
- Page 51 and 52: Table 1-4 summarizes the operating
- Page 53 and 54:
Once the INS8900 address/data lines
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~ ______ data onto the System Bus w
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If two· 8255s are used in parallel
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DATA SHEETS This section contains s
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____________________ PACE CPU For s
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PACE CPU INTERNAL CLOCK PHASE EXTRA
- Page 65 and 66:
INS8900 Tining Specifications Symbo
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INS8900 lining Wavefonns (continued
- Page 69 and 70:
PACE STE recommended crystal specif
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PACE STE test conditions NCLK, NCK,
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PACE BTE/S r -- dc electrical chara
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PACE BTE/S typical performance char
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Were you to compare Figure 2-1 with
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Were you to implement a 16-bit wide
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Jump instructions use direct memory
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active output of this signal: provi
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INSTRUCTION FETCH BAR NACT DTB NACT
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BAR NACT NACT 2 BC1 ---------------
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Last machine cycle of an interrupta
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It is quite easy to generate signal
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Table 2-2. CP1600 Instruction Set S
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Table 2-2. CP1600 Instruction Set S
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Table 2-2. CP1600 Instruction Set S
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mmm m p P rr sss z Three bits indic
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CP1600 System Bus Signals DO 015 BC
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The CP1600 and MC6800 system busses
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THE CP1680 INPUT/OUTPUT BUFFER (lOB
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The actual 256 addresses will be id
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If PDO - PD15 are configured as two
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The most important point to note is
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scribed this process earlier in the
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CP1600·CP1600A·CP1610 IUS TIMING
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CP1600A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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1081680 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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THE TMS 9900 MICROPROCESSOR The TMS
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generates an internal 16-bit memory
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As illustrated above. when you perf
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Six object code bits identify the d
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The source/destination memory locat
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If eight or fewer bits are transfer
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VBB VCC WAIT mAo HOLDA REsET IAQ HO
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I a..~"'---CLOCK PERIOD 1---.......
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enable strobe WE does not go low un
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MEMEN as a contributor to select lo
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cJ>1 rMACHINE CYCLE' MACHINE CYCLE
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. - -- :: . .. - A14 A13 A12 A11 AO
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The IDLE instruction is usually exe
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AREA DEFlNmoN MEMORY MEMORY WORD CO
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All interrupt service routines shou
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External logic must maintain its in
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THE TMS 9900 RESET You reset the 99
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This is equivalent to complementing
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I ! i Table 3-2. TMS 9900 Instructi
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Table 3-2. TMS 9900 Instruction Set
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THE BENCHMARK PROGRAM For the TMS 9
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The minimum and maximum number of c
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Accumulator Registens) Data Counten
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HOLD-~" HLDA~---I IAQ ..... 1----1
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Table 3-6. TMS 9980 Interrupts INTO
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I LEVEl.. 1 r--f }- INTO ...... r I
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This description of the TMS 9940 mi
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The TMS 9940 has an AC status in bi
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P23 P22 P21 P20 P19 P18 EC/P17 I DL
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1 C016 and ending with pin P31 cont
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- 0 P31 .. P30 'It INTi. - .. m;:-
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Assuming that a TMS 9940 has output
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Note that the TMS 9940, being a sma
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TANK 1 TANK2 GNDl Q o «1>4 ct>3 ct
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The clock input OSCIN must have a f
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RS'fi CRUOUT CRUCLK CRUIN iN'i'6 iN
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Device select logic determines the
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From the programmer's viewpoint. a
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Quite apart from interrupt logic. t
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TMS 9901 REAL-TIME CLOCK LOGIC If y
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THE TMS9902 ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICAT
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Signals that connect the TMS9902 to
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In the sequence above, CRUBS repres
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For a Receive buffer full interrupt
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Because of this resynchronization.
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w ~ po.) .." cO· t: ro w W 9 -i ~
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3) i5Srl is held low. 4) The interv
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Transmit CRC Transmit Logic .......
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3) CEo an enable signal which must
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Let us begin by examining the Contr
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You can only write into the Sync2 r
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Table 3-13. TMS9903 Synchronous and
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a TMS9903 secondary station in an S
- Page 228 and 229:
The interrupt status bits include C
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underrun, a continuous high (markin
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When you select the Test mode by wr
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TMS9900 TMS 9900 ELECTRICAL AND MEC
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TMS9900 ~All~ INPUTS YDlllllllOlIWO
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TMS9940 TEST FUNCTION This test fun
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TIM9904 Electrical Characteristics
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TIM9904 EQUIVALENT OF D INPUT Vee -
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TMS9901 twltPU -l '- tr(t/» -I !.-
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TMS9902 ... 1'0------ lel,;1 ------
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~ ____________ TMS9903 SCR OR SCT \
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Chapter 4 SINGLE CHIP NOVA MINICOMP
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Clock Logic MicroNova anc:f~ Logic
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NOVA MEMORY ADDRESSING MODES Both t
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Program relative, indirect addressi
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If. and only if indirect addressing
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Table 4-1 briefly defines the funct
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VBB 40 Vss (GROUND) P 39 nc WE 38 V
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The 9440 has two I/O control signal
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-Da-ta-D-u-tP-ut-T-o-~-s-tin-a-tio-
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In summary, the five operations tha
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o 1 2 3 .. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10
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Both a status manipulation and a da
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Figure 4-12 shows the CPU driving t
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If a memory read operation is to be
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I , I I , I I I I 01 180 -IBI5 MO-M
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There will be a separate device int
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Machine Cycle 1 Interrupt Acknowled
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The 9440 has a more primitive DMA c
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CSKCND) (@ ) DISP (.IX) (t) x [ ] [
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I Table 4-2. MicroNova and 9440 Ins
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Table 4-2. MicroNova and 9440 Instr
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Table 4-3. MicroNova and 9440 Instr
- Page 295 and 296:
Table 4-4.9440 Instruction Executio
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9440 - NOVA BUS INTERFACE We will n
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INTP may be connected to the comple
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Instruction object code bits are co
- Page 303 and 304:
educed context we can synthesize th
- Page 305:
Figure 4-22. Timing for 9440-Based
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MICRONOVA ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
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9440 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (beyo
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9440 CLKOUT I ... ·---------------
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9440 eLK OUT ,- ~------------------
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9440 t-.-----------WAIT----------_
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These are the most interesting inno
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THE 8086 CPU Functions implemented
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A H,L B,C 0, F Sf' PC 15 7 07 .----
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During an instruction fetch, the Pr
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Instructions that process data stri
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Table 5-1. A Summary of Intel 8086
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Direct, indexed addressing is also
- Page 332 and 333:
Data memory base relative addressin
- Page 334 and 335:
Base relative. direct. indexed data
- Page 336 and 337:
Here is an illustration of base rel
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8086 Jump and Subroutine Call instr
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~ ~ The 8086 outputs a 20-bit memor
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If a word lies on an odd-byte addre
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There are eight pins that can outpu
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8086 TIMING AND INSTRUCTION EXECUTI
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8086 INSTRUCTION QUEUE Consider wha
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Now. the illustration above is not
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The memory or I/O device address is
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Observe that OSO and OS1 change lev
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T1 T2 T3 TW T4 elK RDY READY ROY co
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ADO-AD15 A16-A19 OSO, OS1 I· One B
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The processor Wait state can be use
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Memory Interrupt Addresses Vector T
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In the illustration above, RRRRP re
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Once again you must subtract bytes.
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Initially. AH contains 05 and AL co
- Page 370 and 371:
But. precede this instruction with
- Page 372 and 373:
Table 5-3. 8086 Memory Addressing O
- Page 374 and 375:
U Status flag modified. but undefin
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Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 378 and 379:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 380 and 381:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 382 and 383:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 384 and 385:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 386 and 387:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 388 and 389:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 390 and 391:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 392 and 393:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 394 and 395:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 396 and 397:
Table 5-4. A Summary of 8086 and 80
- Page 398 and 399:
Table 5-5. 8086 and 8088 Instructio
- Page 400 and 401:
Table 5-5. 8086 and 8088 Instructio
- Page 402 and 403:
Table 5-5. 8086 and 8088 Instructio
- Page 404 and 405:
Table 5-5. 8086 and 8088 Instructio
- Page 406 and 407:
Table 5-6. 8086 and 8088 Instructio
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Table 5-6. 8086 and 8088 Instructio
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Object Code Table 5-6. 8086 and 808
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Table 5-7. 8080A to 8086 Instructio
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GND A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 AD7 A
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THE 8088 HALT STATE When operating
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RES 0 Q RESET .ff X1 X2 TANK XTAl O
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Cx XTAl ..dl§ Xl RDYl X2 asc R~DYa
- Page 422 and 423:
Master Synchronizer - D 7474 Q .. 0
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lOB ClK 51 DT/R ALE AEN MROC" lJI.W
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Table 5-8. Effect of lOB. CEN. and
- Page 428 and 429:
010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 or
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SOME 8086 MICROPROCESSOR BUS CONFIG
- Page 432 and 433:
GND MN/MX J* AD8 GND J3HE so S1 52
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8086/8086-2/8086-4 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
- Page 436 and 437:
8086/8086-2/8086-4 ClK CI214 Output
- Page 438 and 439:
8086/8086-2/8086-4 8086 MAX MODE SY
- Page 440 and 441:
8086/8086-2/8086-4 T, T2 TJ T. ClK
- Page 442 and 443:
-~-,. 8088 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
- Page 444 and 445:
8088 I T, Tz T3 Tw T. VCH v----\I--
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8088 8088 MAX MODE SYSTEM (USING 82
- Page 448 and 449:
8088 C1.K Ii. s,. iii (EXCEPT HAL T
- Page 450 and 451:
8282/8283 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
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8282/8283 OUTPUT DELAY VS. CAPACITA
- Page 454 and 455:
8284 TIMING RESPONSES Symbol Parame
- Page 456 and 457:
TELOV-C= 8286/8287 INPUTS \'1 J~ OE
- Page 458 and 459:
8288 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RA TlNGS· Te
- Page 460 and 461:
8288 eEN DEN DEN, PDEN Qualificatio
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Second sources include: ADVANCED MI
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15 14 13 12 11 10 9 S 7 6 5 4 3 2 o
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The segment number and offset trans
- Page 468 and 469:
The New Program Status Area Pointer
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Z8002 15 8 7 Z8001 o ...--Bit No.--
- Page 472 and 473:
Some Za001 program memory reference
- Page 474 and 475:
Z8001 and Z8002 indexed memory addr
- Page 476 and 477:
Z8002 base relative addressing may
- Page 478 and 479:
za001 program relative addressing,
- Page 480 and 481:
MREQ is output low when memory is b
- Page 482 and 483:
For the Z8001 only, memory is segme
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..-1.--T1-----t·~I·--T2--..... ·
- Page 486 and 487:
I---T1---t·~I·--T2 -~·*"'I·f---
- Page 488 and 489:
Z8000 INSTRUCTION FETCH OVERLAP The
- Page 490 and 491:
' .. rn T2 T3 ·1· ·1· I· T1---
- Page 492 and 493:
InIT:-I--T3----11··I~ .. • -T-X
- Page 494 and 495:
l8002 New Program Status Area Point
- Page 496 and 497:
THE Z8000 RESET You r ••• t a
- Page 498 and 499:
The divide instruction holds the di
- Page 500 and 501:
A subroutine CALL can use segmented
- Page 502 and 503:
MREQ uses MI and MO to request exte
- Page 504 and 505:
The nomenclature used to identify Z
- Page 506 and 507:
Instruction Mnemonics: The fixed pa
- Page 508 and 509:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 510 and 511:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 512 and 513:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the zaooo I
- Page 514 and 515:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 516 and 517:
I Table 6-3. A Summary of the zaooo
- Page 518 and 519:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
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Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 522 and 523:
I Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000
- Page 524 and 525:
Table 6-3. A Summary, of the Z8000
- Page 526 and 527:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 528 and 529:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 530 and 531:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the zaooo I
- Page 532 and 533:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 534 and 535:
Table 6-3. A Summary of the Z8000 I
- Page 536 and 537:
Table 6-4. zaooo Instruction Set Ob
- Page 538 and 539:
Mnemonic Object Code Bytes Table 6-
- Page 540 and 541:
Table 6-4. Z8000 Instruction Set Ob
- Page 542 and 543:
Table 6-5. zaooo Object Codes Objec
- Page 544 and 545:
Table 6-5. zaooo Object Codes (Cont
- Page 547 and 548:
DATA SHEETS This section contains s
- Page 549 and 550:
zaOO1,Z8002 AC Number Symbol Parame
- Page 551 and 552:
Chapter 7 THE MOTOROLA MC68000 The
- Page 553 and 554:
31302928272625242322212019181716151
- Page 555 and 556:
You will note that the first byte i
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Table 7-1. MC68000 Addressing Mode
- Page 559 and 560:
MC68000 PINS AND SIGNALS Figure 7-3
- Page 561 and 562:
e generated with a Memory Managemen
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inserted into the read timin~y~as i
- Page 565 and 566:
Timing for a write word operation i
- Page 567 and 568:
MC68000 READ-MODIFY-WRITE TIMING Th
- Page 569 and 570:
The MC68000 RESET OPERATION The MC6
- Page 571 and 572:
THE MC68000 BUS CYCLE RERUN TIMING
- Page 573 and 574:
MC68000 EXCEPTION PROCESSING LOGIC
- Page 575 and 576:
There are three different types of
- Page 577 and 578:
3) The T-bit in the Status Register
- Page 579 and 580:
Complete Current ----.+---Interrupt
- Page 581 and 582:
5) Program Counter Relative Address
- Page 583 and 584:
Data Register Direct EA = Dn Mode =
- Page 585 and 586:
Address Registers Memory .- xxxxyyy
- Page 587 and 588:
[PC]- 2 [PC] - ~[PC] Memory 1 xixl1
- Page 589 and 590:
displacements. Accordingly. an inst
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sadr sAn sOn SR USP vector [[J] [ ]
- Page 593 and 594:
MC68000 INSTRUCTION OBJECT CODE TAB
- Page 595 and 596:
Again, the MC68000 performs read/wr
- Page 597 and 598:
so 52 54 5W SW SW SW SW SW 5W 56 so
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Table 7-4. MC68000 Instructions Whi
- Page 601 and 602:
I Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Se
- Page 603 and 604:
Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
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Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
- Page 607 and 608:
Table 7-6, MC68000 Instruction Set
- Page 609 and 610:
Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
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Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
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Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
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Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
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Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
- Page 619 and 620:
Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
- Page 621 and 622:
Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
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Table 7-6. MC68000 Instruction Set
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Table 7-7. MC68000 Instruction Obje
- Page 627 and 628:
Table 7-7. MC68000 Instruction Obje
- Page 629 and 630:
Table 7-7. MC68000 Instruction Obje
- Page 631 and 632:
Table 7-7. MC68000 Instruction Obje
- Page 633 and 634:
Table 7-8. MC68000 Object Codes in
- Page 635 and 636:
Table 7-8. MC68000 Object Codes in
- Page 641 and 642:
F Id 01 :y d m II li e 5 ")1 iE
- Page 643 and 644:
Chapter 8 2900 SERIES CHIP SLICE PR
- Page 645 and 646:
Data In 16 x 4 bits of t--4 bits wi
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A3 A2 A1 AO 16 18 17 RAM3 RAMO (+5V
- Page 649 and 650:
2901 LOGIC We will now examine 2901
- Page 651 and 652:
You use pins 80-83 to identify the
- Page 653 and 654:
Data shifted up one bit receives a
- Page 655 and 656:
We will now examine the arithmetic
- Page 657 and 658:
Table 8-4. ALU Destination Control
- Page 659 and 660:
, •• t 3-IN MUX t 3-IN MUX t Lo
- Page 661 and 662:
~ ,. 1 ~ 3-IN 1\ X MUX i Local RAM
- Page 663 and 664:
,.w "'" '" '" ,", "+'"~'''''''%''''
- Page 665 and 666:
3-INauX shifiiJl, I i'" '" " "" "n'
- Page 667 and 668:
want to perform the entire arithmet
- Page 669 and 670:
Shifts do not always occur at the 2
- Page 671 and 672:
Q314 ... Q4 m Q(N-4) 14 --I Q(N-3~i
- Page 673 and 674:
You can generate an up rotate by in
- Page 675 and 676:
Let us now look at the simple probl
- Page 677 and 678:
Two microinstructions, with appropr
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D 01- (X) W --.J 7 y S,l 1 s, r CY
- Page 681 and 682:
The downshift microinstruction is s
- Page 683 and 684:
4-bit Shifter Data in or out Figure
- Page 685 and 686:
01°0 1 48 01°3 EA 2 47 B3 DAO 3 4
- Page 687 and 688:
The 2903 has a 9-bit instruction co
- Page 689 and 690:
2903 LOGIC We will now examine 2903
- Page 691 and 692:
CPU register implementation and ALU
- Page 693 and 694:
Now consider the same data paths il
- Page 695 and 696:
But. moving away from complex opera
- Page 697 and 698:
Data entering at DBO-DB3 could be i
- Page 699 and 700:
to the following continuous three-a
- Page 701 and 702:
With regard to Table 8-6. note that
- Page 703 and 704:
The 2903 ALU shifter is located on
- Page 705 and 706:
You can also discard the ALU output
- Page 707 and 708:
I z z - 0103 MSS 0100 0103 0100 _X
- Page 709 and 710:
The normalization operation upshift
- Page 711 and 712:
+5V Z = 00 • 01 ••• ON Z Z
- Page 713 and 714:
S3 - - - +5V 4) j= :~ Z Z Z Z - 010
- Page 715 and 716:
After the low-order bit of the Q re
- Page 717 and 718:
OO,LSS - - - - +5V C) :: .~ 4,.· Z
- Page 719 and 720:
We will now examine the 2903 Twos C
- Page 721 and 722:
Overflow status when performing the
- Page 723 and 724:
Table 8-9. A Possible 2903 Twos Com
- Page 725 and 726:
Q3, MSS F3 + R3 - - - - Z Z Z ....
- Page 727 and 728:
In our binary example the divisor i
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THE 2902 CARRY LOOK-AHEAD DEVICE Th
- Page 731 and 732:
Table 8-10. P and G Generation Logi
- Page 733 and 734:
...... " f-/ ~ roo- ~ """""' .....-
- Page 735 and 736:
Macroinstruction Macroinstruction R
- Page 737 and 738:
If every macroinstruction resulted
- Page 739 and 740:
RE----------------~ RO-R3~ ________
- Page 741 and 742:
As illustrated above. the Address r
- Page 743 and 744:
You modify the Stack Pointer addres
- Page 745 and 746:
The final instruction of the subrou
- Page 747 and 748:
Table 8-11. The 2903 Twos Complemen
- Page 749 and 750:
derived directly from its microinst
- Page 751 and 752:
Microinstructions 6 and 7 both have
- Page 753 and 754:
Y4 1 40 03 03 1 42 Y3 04 2 39 Y3 Y4
- Page 755 and 756:
Note that the 2910 has no zero inpu
- Page 757 and 758:
Macroinstruction D Macroinstruction
- Page 759 and 760:
Instruction code 3 (CJP) is a Condi
- Page 761 and 762:
Instruction code B is a Conditional
- Page 763 and 764:
... More frequently. instruction co
- Page 765 and 766:
Table 8-13. The 2903 Twos Complemen
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THE 2930 AND 2932 PROGRAM CONTROL U
- Page 769 and 770:
~ DO - 03 h 1 - 1 . > -----.. Accum
- Page 771:
The Program Counter normally receiv
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Am2901/ Am2901 A MICROCODE 12 11 10
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Am2901 MAXIMUM RATINGS (Above which
- Page 778 and 779:
Am2901 GUARANTEED OPERATING CONDITI
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Am2901A SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS O
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Am2901B PRELIMINARY DATA ELECTRICAL
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Am29018 I. Guaranteed Commercial A.
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Am2902A MAXIMUM RATINGS (Above whic
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Am2903 SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS (T
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Am2910 SWITCHING CHARACTERIST1CS Th
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Am2909 • Am2911 Figure 7 illustra
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Am2909 • Am2911 ELECTRICAL CHARAC
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~-"~ -~-~ _ Am2930 MAXIMUM RATINGS
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INDEX CP1600 direct addressing. 2-3
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data output. 8-99 immediate data in
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OSBORNE/McGraw-H ill Microprocessor