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World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians – 13 th International Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 11-14 November 2007 0815 - 1030 Plenary Session - Global Risks and Challenges Mon FUTURE RISKS FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS 12 Mark M. Rweyemamu - Tanzania and Former FAO Visiting Professor of Virology, Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, England, UK. mark.rweyemamu@btinternet.com November Abstract: During the last 2 decades there have been incidents of high profile epidemics of human and animal diseases. These reflect trends in the global distribution of the major infectious diseases. The UK driven Foresight global study 1 on infectious diseases of humans, animals and plants identified common underlying risk drivers as (i) Culture and governance, including legislation and systems of government; (ii) Technology and innovation; (iii) Conflict and law; (iv) Human activity and social pressures; (v) Economic factors – including globalisation; and (vi) Climate change. Probably the most acute human activity and social pressure with respect to animal agriculture is that which the study by FAO, IFPRI and ILRI had termed the livestock revolution. This is characterised by an unprecedented demand for livestock products, a rapid growth in the livestock sector and an increased risk for animal disease epidemics. Animal agriculture now represents the fastest growing component of agriculture. An aspect of social pressures is the increasing human settlement encroachment on previously separated wildlife habitats resulting in an increasing humanlivestock-wildlife interface. Several risk assessment studies lead to a conclusion that major infectious diseases are normally absent from highly industrialised countries while they remain endemic in developing countries. The pattern of disease spread is no longer limited to episodic spread in localities or to neighbouring countries but has also led to wider global dissemination. Thus the recent patterns of international spread of foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, avian influenza and bluetongue have illustrated the importance of transboundary animal diseases to the global livestock industry and to trade in livestock commodities beyond their endemic settings. Another trend has been the association of the majority of emerging human diseases with the animal source. Most such diseases have also originated from developing countries. Thus the overall conclusion of the Foresight study was that: • Many existing diseases will remain important, but new diseases will emerge in the future – noting that in the last 25 to 30 years some 80% of new/emerging infectious diseases of humans had originated from animals; • Major infectious diseases are endemic in Africa and Asia; • Substantial advances in infectious disease prevention and management will be made through integration of research across sectors (human, animal, plant) and disciplines (natural and social science); • New technological systems for early detection, identification and monitoring of infectious diseases have the potential to transform our capabilities in managing future disease risks, especially if challenges of international development are met; • Societal contexts will be crucial in realising the benefits of the new technological systems. Therefore, future research on the Detection, Identification and Monitoring (DIM) of infectious diseases needs to have a special focus on developing countries, preferably through inter-institutional partnerships between those in highly industrialised countries, where expertise resides but major infectious diseases are not endemic and those in developing countries, where such diseases are endemic and thereby the risk to global animal agriculture and human health. This research should be viewed as a contribution to the international pubic good and essential to the concept of ONE WORLD, ONE HEALTH, ONE MEDICINE. 1 Foresight DIID study www.foresight.gov.uk. Professor Rweyemamu was the Lead Coordinator for the African strand of the study Mon 12 November World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians – 13 th International Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 11-14 November 2007 NEW AND EMERGING DISEASES Corrie Brown, DVM, PhD, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA Emerging disease has become almost a household term. Fully three-quarters of all the emerging diseases in the last decade came from animals. The world is averaging at least one new extensive emerging disease every year. Today, the unrelenting forces of globalization, fueled effectively by the expanding human population and the institution of the World Trade Organization, have ensured that pathogens can travel easily from one species to another and one continent to another. No health issue can remain local for long. The steady parade of new pathogens, beginning with HIV, moving from a primate reservoir into a few and then millions of humans globally, mobilized the field of infectious diseases in a massive way. The almost simultaneous emergence of Salmonella DT104 and E. coli O157:H7 underscored large gaps in understanding between human medicine and animal husbandry. Subsequently, the march of bovine spongiform encephalopathy through Europe in the Trojan cow of exported meat and bone meal further emphasized the need for connectedness between animal and human health. More recently, the emergence of Nipah virus and avian influenza, to the intense consternation of both agricultural and public health communities, has mobilized synergistic efforts in earnest. Ebola and SARS are two other headline agents that have sparked panic in humans after moving out of their animal reservoirs. Bioterror threats have received star billing recently with extensive funding provided to the biomedical community for directed study. Of the bioterror agents on the US Department of Health and Human Services List, almost all are pathogens of, or have their origins in, animals. One medicine reigns here as well. The list of emerging zoonotic disease and targeted bioterror pathogens has so many interconnections that classifying the two individually is a challenge. They are as connected as the figures in a Jackson Pollock drawing. Elucidating the pathogenesis of some of these emerging and bioterror pathogens will help greatly in devising effective control and intervention measures. Veterinarians have studied many of these diseases, e.g., anthrax, smallpox, Nipah, SARS, and avian influenza, using suitable animal models, with resulting expansion of available information. Findings from a few of these studies will be presented.
World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians – 13 th International Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 11-14 November 2007 AVIAN INFLUENZA – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE VETERINARY PROFESSION I. Capua OIE, FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10 35020 – Legnaro, Padova, Italy D. Alexander Unaffiliated Consultant Virologist Notifiable Avian influenza is an OIE listed disease that has become a disease of great importance both for animal and human health. The increased relevance of AI in the fields of animal and human health, has highlighted the lack of scientific information on several aspects of the disease, which has hampered the adequate management of some of the recent crises. Millions of animals have died, and there is growing concern over the loss of human lives and over the management of the pandemic potential. Until 1999, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) was considered a rare disease, with only 18 primary outbreaks reported since 1959. At the turn of the millennium, HPAI initiated a series of outbreaks with different characteristics to what had been previously seen. The Italian H7N1 1999-2000, and Dutch H7N7 2003 caused outbreaks of unprecedented magnitude were only a prelude to the ongoing H5N1 crisis. The latter appears to represent the possibly the greatest threat to animal health, with very serious implications for public health that the veterinary community has ever been called to face. Avian influenza has become widespread in vast areas including Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa. This opportunity given to the virus has greatly increased its potentials, affecting the health of wild and domestic animals and of humans. Currently, human health is affected both in terms of the reduction of food security and of the infection of humans as a prelude to the emergence of a new pandemic virus. Highly Pathogenic avian influenza is believed to originate from an H5 or H7 precursor of low pathogenicity harboured in wild birds, primarily Anseriformes. The introduction of this progenitor into domestic poultry has caused, on several occasions the mutation of the low pathogenicity virus to a highly pathogenic mutant containing multiple basic aminoacids at the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule. This mutation enables the virus to become systemic, replicate in vital organs and bring about the death of the bird. Historically, highly pathogenic avian influenza caused a self-limiting disease as most birds affected died as a result of systemic infection. The virus infected poultry, did not infect wild birds and was apathogenic for waterfowl. The latter was only very rarely infected. In the Asian context, the persistence of a highly pathogenic H5N1 virus in mixed rural poultry, in an area with a high population density has generated a unique set of opportunities for the virus. It has closely encountered avian and mammalian species, to which it has been able to adapt and is in a continuous effort to be more efficient. The rural farming environment, typically developed in the open has determined the spillover of the virus to wild birds. So far, only few species have been shown to be infected but the epidemiological consequences of this unique situation are impossible to predict. The co-existence of susceptible species is inducing the development of mutations which often result in a greater capability of causing clinical disease resulting in death of the host. The virus is actively circulating in birds reared for agricultural purposes in Asia, the Middle East and Africa and in the Eurasian wild bird population. It is now able to cause a 50% fatality rate in humans and has acquired the capability of killing domestic and wild waterfowl. It has also affected other atypical hosts such as felines. The crucial issue in resolving this situation is to limit the circulation of the virus in the animal reservoir, as this represents a never-ending source of virus. Although specific tools are available, the infrastructure and economic conditions of most of the affected areas are insufficient to react to the emergency. At the rural level, basic hygienic measures are rarely respected in animal husbandry and no concept of disease control measures is known. The social behaviour of the rural human population includes habits which facilitate the spread of infection, within the same village and, through trade, to other villages. International interventions are therefore to be focused primarily on education programmes and on veterinary support to farmers. The scientific veterinary community has the duty and responsibility to address the complex issue of AI ecology and epidemiology in the countries it affects – which in turn is essential to the development of adequate control strategies. The medical, veterinary and agricultural scientific communities are challenged with a virus that is moving in a tri-dimensional fashion, modifying itself as it adapts to different species and reassorting with other influenza viruses of avian and potentially mammalian origin, as it infects new species. A significant collaborative and financial effort in a transparent scientific environment are required to generate data and ideas contributing to the eradication effort. Until the extensive circulation of the virus is limited in the avian reservoir, avian influenza will continue to remain an issue for food security and a global threat for animal and human health. The veterinary community should take ownership of this responsibility as it has the knowledge and understanding to offer sustainable solution for the management of this infection. Mon 12 November Mon 12 November World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians – 13 th International Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 11-14 November 2007 ZOONOTIC VIRUSES OF BAT ORIGIN – DISCOVERY AND DIAGNOSIS Linfa Wang CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220 Bats, probably the most abundant, diverse and geographically dispersed vertebrates on earth, have recently been shown to be the reservoir hosts of a variety of zoonotic viruses responsible for severe human and animal disease outbreaks, some with very high mortality. These include some of the most deadly viruses to emerge in recent history, such as Hendra and Nipah viruses, SARS coronaviruses and Ebola virus. For the last decade, our group has been working on bat zoonotic viruses belonging to three different virus families: Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae and Reoviridae. Examples will be given for each of the three groups of viruses, emphasizing on different technology platforms used in virus discovery and development of novel diagnostic strategies.
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