Section 1.1 Section 1.2 Section 1.3 - The Student Room

SECTION 13
2 a, b 1 mole glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol)
2 moles oleic acid
1 mole linoleic acid
3 a Saturated fats are esters of fatty acids with no (or few) carbon double bonds.
b Monounsaturated fats contain fatty acids with one carbon double bond (such as oleic acid).
c Polyunsaturated fats contain a high proportion of fatty acid groups with two
or more carbon double bonds (such as linoleic acid).
4 a O
O
O
O
O
O
b
O
Na +
– O
c The hydrocarbon chain
Instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces
d Soaps are sodium and potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. The ions
in solution are readily hydrated.
5 a 150 °C; pressure (5 atmospheres); nickel as catalyst
b i M r
= 882
ii 1.13 ¥ 10 3 moles of oil react with 2.45 ¥ 10 3 moles of hydrogen
iii 4
iv 4 moles
v To fully saturate 1 tonne of oil would require
1.13 ¥ 10 3 ¥ 4 moles hydrogen = 4.52 ¥ 10 3 moles
2.45 ¥ 10 3
Percentage of double bonds hydrogenated = ¥ 100 = 54.2%
vi Easier to spread (less hard); healthier
primary
CH 3
Section 13.7
1 a methanal
c
CH 3 O
b propanal
C
c 4-methylpentanal
CH 3 CH 2 C CH 3
CH 3 C C H aldehyde
H
2 a butan-2-one
H
3
b pentan-3-one
5 a H H H H
a H H H H O
O
H C C C C OH
H C C C C C H
4.52 ¥ 10 3
H
H H H H
H H H H
b H OH H H
b H O H H H
O
H C C C C H
H C C C C C H
H H H H
H H H H
4 a
O CH 3
c
H
CH 3 CH 2 C C CH 3 ketone
H H C H OH H
H
H C C C C H
b CH 3 O
H H C H H H
ketone
secondary
secondary
201