A land manager's guide to conserving habitat for forest birds in ...

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Photo: Ken Elliott “When we use the tree respectfully and economically, we have one of the greatest resources on the earth.” Frank Lloyd Wright 34
Photo: Larry Watkins FOREST HARVESTING Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, and quality of forest vegetation to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis. Forests are not static, but change constantly, sometimes dramatically, and other times more gradually. Over the course of human history, forests have received growing pressure from population growth, spreading infrastructure, invasive species, pollution, expanding and intensifying agriculture and forestry, and now climate change. Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, and quality of forest vegetation to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis. Silviculture is often confused with managing forests purely for timber. However, modern practices are ecosystem based, and take into account additional ecological considerations and resource objectives such as wildlife, recreation, water, and aesthetic values. A silvicultural system has the following basic attributes: • satisfies the goals and objectives of the landowner • provides for timely availability of many forest resources (not just timber) • produces predictable harvests over the long term • balances biological/ecological and economic concerns to ensure renewability of resources • provides for regeneration • effectively uses growing space and site productivity Tree harvesting is a very prevalent activity and major force influencing the structure, composition, and quality of remnant forests of southern Ontario. Silviculture systems present different approaches to harvesting, regenerating, and growing forests. These systems mimic natural disturbance patterns and allow for sustainable harvest of forest products while providing for wildlife habitat and recreational opportunities. The three main silviculture systems used in Ontario and world wide include the selection system, the shelterwood system, and the clear cut system. We can divide these systems into two broad categories: even-aged and uneven-aged management. Determining the appropriate system to use depends on the species and site characteristics of a forest stand and landowner goals and expectations. Except for clear cutting, all systems entail partial harvesting, because they retain a portion of the mature trees on site. Photo: Ken Elliott Forest Harvesting 35
Page 1 and 2: Ministry of Natural Resources A lan
Page 3 and 4: A land manager’s guide to conserv
Page 5 and 6: Male Scarlet Tananger — Photo: Je
Page 7 and 8: Photo: Algonquin Museum INTRODUCTIO
Page 9 and 10: Southern Ontario has a landscape ty
Page 11 and 12: Gray tree frog — Photo: Scott Gil
Page 13 and 14: Researcher removing bird from net
Page 15 and 16: Sugar maples — Photo: Robert McCa
Page 17 and 18: of other wildlife including America
Page 19 and 20: Male Chestnut-sided Warbler — Pho
Page 21 and 22: Female American Redstart — Photo:
Page 23 and 24: Male Black-throated Blue Warbler
Page 25 and 26: Male American Redstart — Photo: G
Page 27 and 28: Artwork: Peter Burke Forest Birds i
Page 29 and 30: Flock of Brown-headed Cowbirds —
Page 31 and 32: Photo: Scott Gillingwater Source an
Page 33 and 34: Imagery produced by the Provincial
Page 35 and 36: destroy nests, and lawns that provi
Page 37: Northern Cardinal — Photo: Daniel
Page 41 and 42: Tree species Additional Carolinian
Page 43 and 44: Photo: Lucas Foerster normally perf
Page 45 and 46: Logging damage — Photo: Lucas Foe
Page 47 and 48: This table illustrates the structur
Page 49 and 50: Conifer plantation — Photo: Ken E
Page 51 and 52: Silvicultural system or method Clea
Page 53 and 54: Female Pileated Woodpecker —Photo
Page 55 and 56: Hairy Woodpecker Northern Flicker P
Page 57 and 58: Louisiana Warbler Mourning Warbler
Page 59 and 60: Elderberry — Photo: Robert McCaw
Page 61 and 62: Male Northern Flicker in cavity wit
Page 63 and 64: Cedar Waxwings Mourning cloak butte
Page 65 and 66: Photo: Doug Tozer GUIDELINES FOR FO
Page 67 and 68: Barred Owl — Photo: Dan Kaiser Ol
Page 69 and 70: Redwoods —Photo: Jarrid Spicer so
Page 71 and 72: Photo: Lucas Foerster 6. Retain cav
Page 73 and 74: Types of Cavity Trees escape or roo
Page 75 and 76: 9. Limit timing of harvesting activ
Page 77 and 78: Blackberry — Photo: Robert McCaw
Page 79 and 80: that are similar to the historic va
Page 81 and 82: Great Crested Flycatcher — Photo:
Page 83 and 84: hazards, harvest during winter on f
Page 85 and 86: potential. In these cases, the mana
Page 87 and 88: Male Blue-winged Warbler — Photo:
Page 89 and 90:
Trembling aspen — Photo: Robert M
Page 91 and 92:
M. C. Brittingham and S. A. Temple.
Page 93 and 94:
Glossary of Terms abiotic — non-l
Page 95 and 96:
conk — hard bracket or shelf fung
Page 97 and 98:
ground cover — the layer of veget
Page 99 and 100:
nurse crop — any tree, shrub, or
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site preparation — chemical (e.g.
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Chestnut-sided Warbler — Photo: B
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Diet The Ruffed Grouse diet is comp
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Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes er
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Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicu
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Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus
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Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pilea
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Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax viresc
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Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 19 m
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Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atri
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Brown Creeper Certhia americana The
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Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Di
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Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis
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Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chr
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Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea
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Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla In Ont
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Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina Fem
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Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardin
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Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Fem
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List of Photographers Al Woodliffe
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