A land manager's guide to conserving habitat for forest birds in ...

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Mid-tolerant Young forest — Photo: OMNR Shade and moisture conditions shape tree species composition Tree species differ in their abilities to survive under varying moisture and light conditions. Some can tolerate extreme dryness (drought) and others, excessive flooding. Some species survive while living in the shady conditions of a mature forest floor. These trees are considered to be shade-tolerant. The Shade and Moisture Tolerance of Various Tree Species table (opposite) are used to classify southern Ontario tree species based on their ability to adapt to these environmental conditions. This will help guide land managers in deciding what silviculture system will be most appropriate for a given mix of species. Shade and Moisture Tolerance of Various Tree Species Shade-tolerant Species (Climax – Late Successional) Shade tolerance Tolerant Shade-tolerant (low light) Shade-tolerant species can germinate and survive in the shade of the forest canopy. The most tolerant species can live as long as 40 years in the shade. When an opening is created from a tree dying or falling, the small shade-tolerant trees will quickly grow up to fill the gap and take their place in the canopy. Forests canopies comprised of primarily large shade-tolerant species such as sugar maple, beech, and hemlock are often considered to be at the end stage of succession known as the climax or late successional forest. Mid- Tolerant Species Mid-tolerant (medium light) Mid-tolerant species can germinate in shady conditions but will die within 1–3 years if they do not receive some light, for at least part of the day. Mid-tolerant species such as oaks and white pine evolved from a history of heavy ground fires. These fires kill all the low shade and some of the canopy trees to provide a partially shaded environment. During Ontario’s settlement phase the heavy disturbances associated with land clearing provided ideal conditions for many mid-tolerant forests to become established. However, the past 70 years of minor disturbance (such as single tree selection) and fire suppression has allowed succession to continue towards more tolerant species, favouring the replacement of mid-tolerant canopy trees in many remnant woodlots. Intolerant Species (Pioneer – Early Successional) Shade-intolerant (full sunlight) Intolerant tree species need full sunlight to germinate and survive. In open conditions they out-compete both the tolerant and midtolerant trees. Species like white birch, red pine, trembling aspen, tulip tree, and sassafras are considered to be intolerant species. These species are colonizers or early successional species that dominate even-aged forests where large disturbances such as fires or big wind events have occurred. Artwork: Peter Burke Intolerant full sunlight 36 Forest Harvesting
Tree species Additional Carolinian species Moisture tolerance sugar maple, American beech, ironwood American chestnut, big shellbark hickory, rock elm, pignut hickory, UPLAND eastern hemlock, balsam fir, red spruce black maple, blue beech, pawpaw BOTH black spruce black gum, slippery (red) elm, red mulberry LOWLAND white ash, red oak, white oak, white pine black oak, Ohio buckeye UPLAND red maple, white spruce, American (white) elm, white cedar, butternut, bur oak, bitternut hickory, basswood shagbark hickory, cucumber tree, hackberry BOTH silver maple, Freeman maple, yellow birch, red (green) ash, swamp white oak, sycamore, blue ash, pumpkin ash, LOWLAND black cherry, red pine, jack pine, pitch pine, red cedar, Chinquapin oak tulip tree, sassafras, northern pin oak, honey locust, dwarf hackberry, dwarf, Chinquapin oak UPLAND trembling aspen, large-tooth aspen, cottonwood, white birch flowering dogwood, black walnut, common hop-tree BOTH black ash, balsam poplar, tamarack, black willow Shumard oak, pin oak, Kentucky coffee tree LOWLAND Forest Harvesting 37
Page 1 and 2: Ministry of Natural Resources A lan
Page 3 and 4: A land manager’s guide to conserv
Page 5 and 6: Male Scarlet Tananger — Photo: Je
Page 7 and 8: Photo: Algonquin Museum INTRODUCTIO
Page 9 and 10: Southern Ontario has a landscape ty
Page 11 and 12: Gray tree frog — Photo: Scott Gil
Page 13 and 14: Researcher removing bird from net
Page 15 and 16: Sugar maples — Photo: Robert McCa
Page 17 and 18: of other wildlife including America
Page 19 and 20: Male Chestnut-sided Warbler — Pho
Page 21 and 22: Female American Redstart — Photo:
Page 23 and 24: Male Black-throated Blue Warbler
Page 25 and 26: Male American Redstart — Photo: G
Page 27 and 28: Artwork: Peter Burke Forest Birds i
Page 29 and 30: Flock of Brown-headed Cowbirds —
Page 31 and 32: Photo: Scott Gillingwater Source an
Page 33 and 34: Imagery produced by the Provincial
Page 35 and 36: destroy nests, and lawns that provi
Page 37 and 38: Northern Cardinal — Photo: Daniel
Page 39: Photo: Larry Watkins FOREST HARVEST
Page 43 and 44: Photo: Lucas Foerster normally perf
Page 45 and 46: Logging damage — Photo: Lucas Foe
Page 47 and 48: This table illustrates the structur
Page 49 and 50: Conifer plantation — Photo: Ken E
Page 51 and 52: Silvicultural system or method Clea
Page 53 and 54: Female Pileated Woodpecker —Photo
Page 55 and 56: Hairy Woodpecker Northern Flicker P
Page 57 and 58: Louisiana Warbler Mourning Warbler
Page 59 and 60: Elderberry — Photo: Robert McCaw
Page 61 and 62: Male Northern Flicker in cavity wit
Page 63 and 64: Cedar Waxwings Mourning cloak butte
Page 65 and 66: Photo: Doug Tozer GUIDELINES FOR FO
Page 67 and 68: Barred Owl — Photo: Dan Kaiser Ol
Page 69 and 70: Redwoods —Photo: Jarrid Spicer so
Page 71 and 72: Photo: Lucas Foerster 6. Retain cav
Page 73 and 74: Types of Cavity Trees escape or roo
Page 75 and 76: 9. Limit timing of harvesting activ
Page 77 and 78: Blackberry — Photo: Robert McCaw
Page 79 and 80: that are similar to the historic va
Page 81 and 82: Great Crested Flycatcher — Photo:
Page 83 and 84: hazards, harvest during winter on f
Page 85 and 86: potential. In these cases, the mana
Page 87 and 88: Male Blue-winged Warbler — Photo:
Page 89 and 90: Trembling aspen — Photo: Robert M
Page 91 and 92:
M. C. Brittingham and S. A. Temple.
Page 93 and 94:
Glossary of Terms abiotic — non-l
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conk — hard bracket or shelf fung
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ground cover — the layer of veget
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nurse crop — any tree, shrub, or
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site preparation — chemical (e.g.
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Chestnut-sided Warbler — Photo: B
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Diet The Ruffed Grouse diet is comp
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Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes er
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Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicu
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Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus
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Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pilea
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Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax viresc
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Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 19 m
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Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atri
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Brown Creeper Certhia americana The
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Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Di
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Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis
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Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chr
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Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea
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Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla In Ont
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Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina Fem
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Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardin
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Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Fem
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List of Photographers Al Woodliffe
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