A land manager's guide to conserving habitat for forest birds in ...

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White trilliums — Photo: Al Woodliffe General Silvicultural Direction for the Common Forest Cover Types of Southern Ontario (Based on OMNR 2000) Forest cover type upland tolerant hardwoods Dominant species sugar maple, beech, hemlock, red oak, white ash, red maple, black cherry Common associate species black maple, ironwood, basswood, bitternut hickory, white pine, white birch, yellow birch, butternut in Site Region 7E also: white oak, shagbark hickory, hackberry, tulip tree and sassafrass upland oaks red oak, white oak, bur oak, and black oak white pine, sugar maple, bitternut hickory, red maple, white birch, large-tooth aspen, trembling aspen, red cedar, hickories, black cherry, sassafras, white ash, beech and chinquapin oak lowland hardwoods and swamps silver maple, swamp (Freeman) maple (red and silver cross), red maple, red (green) ash, black ash, white elm, yellow birch trembling aspen, balsam poplar, basswood, white birch, white cedar, balsam fir, red elm, black maple, bur oak, butternut, white pine, white ash, sugar maple, large-tooth aspen, willows pine white pine, red pine, and/or jack pine oak species, white cedar, white birch, to a lesser extent, hemlock, balsam fir, red maple, black cherry, basswood, white ash, sugar maple, ironwood cedar either red cedar or white cedar on white cedar sites, white spruce, or balsam fir or white birch and poplar on red cedar sites, red oak, white oak, black oak, white pine, red pine hemlock eastern hemlock sugar maple, yellow birch, white pine, balsam fir, white cedar, red maple conifer plantations red pine, white pine, white spruce, tamarack native species that seed in from surrounding seed trees and stands Codes: R—recommended—silvicultural guidelines are available for applying this in southern Ontario NR—not recommended—there is either not enough experience in southern Ontario or the wealth of knowledge demonstrates that this is a poor practice CR—conditionally recommended—silvicultural guidelines are available for applying this under certain specified conditions in southern Ontario * diameter at breast height 46 Forest Harvesting
Silvicultural system or method Clearcut NR Shelterwood CR Risk of exotic invasion should be low Single-tree selection R Group selection CR—should be used more to perpetuate intolerant and mid-tolerant species. Risk of exotic invasion should be low Stand improvement R—in combination with single-tree selection or crop tree management in degraded or unhealthy stands Crop tree R—especially in young even-aged stands NR R—most commonly recommended to develop even-aged, high composition of oak —needs follow-up CR—does not maintain growth of mid-tolerant seedlings R—develop patches of oak regenerationcontinuously maintains high forest canopy—needs followup R—in combination with shelterwood, group selection or crop tree management in degraded or unhealthy stands R—especially in young even-aged stands CR—provided site protection, aesthetics, hydrology, regeneration, and tree conservation by-law concerns have been addressed CR—significant blowdown potential with shallow-rooted species CR—if limited tolerant species also consider using some group selection CR—usually needs monitoring and possible follow-up regeneration or tending work R—in combination with any of the other recommended approaches R—especially in young even-aged stands CR—where aesthetics, ecological objectives, and tree conservation by-laws permit R—most commonly recommended for regeneration of mature white and red pine stands CR—where component of hardwoods approaches 50% or more CR—for establishing or releasing hardwood or pine regeneration CR—except in degraded stands or ones with health issues R—especially in mixed stands or younger plantations CR—where aesthetics, ecological objectives, and tree conservation by-laws permit CR—for small white cedar stands or using red cedar to protect hardwood regeneration CR—for continuous cover using light thinning targets CR—no more than 20% of stand during any cutting period CR—in middle-aged (50 to 80 years) white cedar stands —thinning from below R—in red cedar CR—in white cedar later years (80+), as lead—up to shelterwood NR CR—where aesthetics, ecological objectives, and by-laws permit— especially where native species become well established CR—in stands with no potential for development of mature stems and no regeneration R—commonly recommended as nurse crop for hardwood or conifer regeneration CR—for mature stands > 24cm dbh* CR—where component of hardwoods approaches 50% of more R—gaps of half the canopy height CR—for establishing or releasing hardwood or pine regeneration CR—in stands up to 24cm dbh and at least 16m 2 /h BA R—during early thinnings or anytime when there is a high proportion of unhealthy stems R—especially in polewood stands R—especially in young plantations or ones with considerable health or form issues (i.e., weevil damage) Forest Harvesting 47
Page 1 and 2: Ministry of Natural Resources A lan
Page 3 and 4: A land manager’s guide to conserv
Page 5 and 6: Male Scarlet Tananger — Photo: Je
Page 7 and 8: Photo: Algonquin Museum INTRODUCTIO
Page 9 and 10: Southern Ontario has a landscape ty
Page 11 and 12: Gray tree frog — Photo: Scott Gil
Page 13 and 14: Researcher removing bird from net
Page 15 and 16: Sugar maples — Photo: Robert McCa
Page 17 and 18: of other wildlife including America
Page 19 and 20: Male Chestnut-sided Warbler — Pho
Page 21 and 22: Female American Redstart — Photo:
Page 23 and 24: Male Black-throated Blue Warbler
Page 25 and 26: Male American Redstart — Photo: G
Page 27 and 28: Artwork: Peter Burke Forest Birds i
Page 29 and 30: Flock of Brown-headed Cowbirds —
Page 31 and 32: Photo: Scott Gillingwater Source an
Page 33 and 34: Imagery produced by the Provincial
Page 35 and 36: destroy nests, and lawns that provi
Page 37 and 38: Northern Cardinal — Photo: Daniel
Page 39 and 40: Photo: Larry Watkins FOREST HARVEST
Page 41 and 42: Tree species Additional Carolinian
Page 43 and 44: Photo: Lucas Foerster normally perf
Page 45 and 46: Logging damage — Photo: Lucas Foe
Page 47 and 48: This table illustrates the structur
Page 49: Conifer plantation — Photo: Ken E
Page 53 and 54: Female Pileated Woodpecker —Photo
Page 55 and 56: Hairy Woodpecker Northern Flicker P
Page 57 and 58: Louisiana Warbler Mourning Warbler
Page 59 and 60: Elderberry — Photo: Robert McCaw
Page 61 and 62: Male Northern Flicker in cavity wit
Page 63 and 64: Cedar Waxwings Mourning cloak butte
Page 65 and 66: Photo: Doug Tozer GUIDELINES FOR FO
Page 67 and 68: Barred Owl — Photo: Dan Kaiser Ol
Page 69 and 70: Redwoods —Photo: Jarrid Spicer so
Page 71 and 72: Photo: Lucas Foerster 6. Retain cav
Page 73 and 74: Types of Cavity Trees escape or roo
Page 75 and 76: 9. Limit timing of harvesting activ
Page 77 and 78: Blackberry — Photo: Robert McCaw
Page 79 and 80: that are similar to the historic va
Page 81 and 82: Great Crested Flycatcher — Photo:
Page 83 and 84: hazards, harvest during winter on f
Page 85 and 86: potential. In these cases, the mana
Page 87 and 88: Male Blue-winged Warbler — Photo:
Page 89 and 90: Trembling aspen — Photo: Robert M
Page 91 and 92: M. C. Brittingham and S. A. Temple.
Page 93 and 94: Glossary of Terms abiotic — non-l
Page 95 and 96: conk — hard bracket or shelf fung
Page 97 and 98: ground cover — the layer of veget
Page 99 and 100: nurse crop — any tree, shrub, or
Page 101 and 102:
site preparation — chemical (e.g.
Page 103 and 104:
Chestnut-sided Warbler — Photo: B
Page 105 and 106:
Diet The Ruffed Grouse diet is comp
Page 107 and 108:
Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes er
Page 109 and 110:
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicu
Page 111 and 112:
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus
Page 113 and 114:
Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pilea
Page 115 and 116:
Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax viresc
Page 117 and 118:
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 19 m
Page 119 and 120:
Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atri
Page 121 and 122:
Brown Creeper Certhia americana The
Page 123 and 124:
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Di
Page 125 and 126:
Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis
Page 127 and 128:
Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chr
Page 129 and 130:
Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea
Page 131 and 132:
Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla In Ont
Page 133 and 134:
Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina Fem
Page 135 and 136:
Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardin
Page 137 and 138:
Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Fem
Page 139 and 140:
List of Photographers Al Woodliffe
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