a case study of municipal solid waste management in the ... - lumes

Page 22in landfills. AIso considering the existing municipal solid waste technologies, the fourpossible technical approaches could be discovered for handling Jingshan's municipalsolid waste which are sanitary landfill, incinerating & landfill, composting & landfill,and incinerating, composting & landfill. These will be discussed in this chapter.7.2 System Analysis: Which Approach is Better?System analysis thinking and casualloop diagrams is a useful method to analysis thecomplicated questions and to make them simple. System analysis will be applied inanalyzing the above possible approaches. Crude dumping is shown as the currentsituation.Prior to showing casual loop diagrams, same symbols which will be used in thediagrams are introduced. Firstly, "+" is used at the arrowhead to indicate that a changein the item at the tail of the arrow will cause a change in the same direction for theitem at the head of the arrow. Secondly, "-" is used at the arrowhead to indicate that achange in the item at the tail of the arrow will cause a change in the opposite directionfor the item at the head of the arrow. Symbol "R" with half arrow circle is placed inthe center of the loop to suggest that it is a positive causal loop, on in whichbehavioral changes are reinforced. Symbol "B" with half arrow circle is placed in thecenter of the loop as well to suggest that it is a negative causal loop, on in whichbehavioral changes are balanced.(Roberts N. & others)7.2.1 Crude DumpingAs mentioned in the problem definition chapter, no municipal solid waste treatmentfacility is available in Jingshan, crude dumping on the naturallow-Iand located onout-skirt of this city is only Ollemethod to treat Jingshan's municipal solid waste. Thebelow casualloop diagram has been drawn based on the current situation of municipalsolid waste management in Jingshan and its corresponding environmental andeconomic effects.