Trade patterns and global value chains in East Asia: - IDE-JETRO

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Trade Patterns and Global Value Chains in East AsiaFigure 2World air transport (freight), 1990-2008 (Index, 1990=100)3002502001501005001990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database.D. Information and communication technology (ICT)Instant access to information for decision makers,e-commerce for consumers, logistics managementand communication between the numerousstakeholders in the global value chain all depend onthe availability and level of development of informationand communication technology (ICT). Communicationinfrastructure is therefore one of the basic conditionsfor the growth and sustainability of global valuechains and production networks. Access to marketinformation aids international transparency and pavesthe way for international integration. Advances in ICT(from telex, to fax and to the Internet) enable fasterreactions and speed up the whole logistical Internetprocess.Figure 3 shows the development of ICT expenditureover the period 2003 to 2009. For China, Hong Kong(China), India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand,expenditure more than doubled, while for the othereconomies, it still grew, but more slowly. However, itshould be noted that economies such as the Republicof Korea, Malaysia, Singapore and the United Stateshad already attained higher levels of ICT expenditureby 2003.32
Figure 3ICT expenditure (current US$) of selected Asian economies and the United States (Index, 2003=100)I. From massdemand to globalsupply chains300280260240220II. Organizationof the globalproduction processIII. Infrastructureservices in globalvalue chains200180160IV. The evolutionof tariff policies140120100V. Foreign directinvestment2003200420052006200720082009ChinaIndonesiaIndiaJapanKorea, Rep. ofMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeThailandHong Kong (China)Viet NamUnited StatesVI. IntegrateddiversityNote: as the index is based on current dollars, the seemingly poor performance of the Republic of Korea in 2008 and 2009 is mainly due to the depreciation of the Won.Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Database.E. Cost and time to trade at the borderThe ability of enterprises and of economies to join theglobal supply chain is heavily affected by the efficiencyof border processes and customs practices. The tradingenvironment that exporters face within their own countriescan have a huge impact on their competitiveness.Domestic regulations and trade-related bureaucracyare among the cost factors that determine whether anenterprise can meet external demand in a competitiveand timely fashion. The World Bank’s Doing BusinessDatabase 9 identifies the documents required and thetime and costs involved in exporting and importing, andranks countries on the ease of trading across borders.In its 2010 ranking of 183 economies, Singapore andHong Kong (China) appear in first and second placerespectively, both in terms of the ease of doing businessin general and in trading across borders in particular. Oncost 10 to export criteria, Malaysia, Singapore and Chinaare the lowest-cost economies. On the import side,Singapore and Malaysia are the least costly, with Chinain fourth place, behind the United Arab Emirates. Chinareceives a good ranking despite a modest performance intime to export (21 days) and import (24 days), comparedto Singapore’s 5 and 4 days, respectively.VII. An evolutionaryperspective onproduction networksin the Asia-US regionVIII. Trade inintermediate goodsIX. Vertical tradeand trade invalue addedX. Cross-regionalspillover ofeconomic growth33
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Page 9 and 10: Vertical specialization, an indicat
Page 11 and 12: I. From massdemand to globalsupply
Page 15: Box 2. About the verticality of pro
Page 19: EndnotesI. From massdemand to globa
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Page 25 and 26: China’s customs trade figures sho
Page 27 and 28: Figure 4Hong Kong’s (China) impor
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Page 41 and 42: B. Applied tariffs in Asia are low
Page 43 and 44: Bound tariffs serve to protect expo
Page 45 and 46: D. Tariffs in Asia vary significant
Page 47 and 48: Figure 9Effective protection rate (
Page 55 and 56: Figure 4FDI inflows received by sel
Page 57 and 58: C. Foreign direct investment: From
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Page 65 and 66: Figure 3The skyline charts of the c
Page 67 and 68: The Republic of Korea, Chinese Taip
Page 69 and 70: Figure 5Development of cross-nation
Page 71 and 72: Table 2 shows disaggregated results
Page 73 and 74: Figure 7Labour content of net trade
Page 77 and 78: Figure 1Evolution of regional produ
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B. Intermediate goods drive world t
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As shown in Figure 6, intermediate
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D. Asia imports more intermediate g
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E. Intra-Asian trade in intermediat
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G. Towards more complex intermediat
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EndnotesI. From massdemand to globa
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The increasing internationalization
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