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7. P.G. Mellgren and E. Heidersdorf, The Useof High Flotation Tires for Skiddingin Wetand/or Steep Terrain, Technical Report No. TR-57 (Pointe Claire: Feric,1984).8. Ibid., pp. 44-45.9. J.e. Salesky, "The Sawmill Improvement Programme - Instant Forestryat Work," Forest Products Journal, 35 (1985): 6.10. Forintek, "Forintek's Lumber Size Program," Forintek Review, March 1985:3-4.11. E.B. Kirbach, "Methods and Equipment Update for Stellite Tipping,"Canadian Forest Industries, January 1986: B22-23.12. P. MacDonald, "Stellite to Become Standard on Mill Cutting Equipment,"British Columbia Lumberman, October 1984: 10-11.13. J. Sorenson, "Untensioned Saw Blade Cuts at High Speeds," CanadianForest Industries, May 1984: 16-18.14. Forintek, "Major Project in Lumber Drying Technology," Forintek Review,February 1985: 6-7.15. Forintek, "The Forintek Culture Collection of Micro-organisms," ForintekReview, March 1985: 5-6.16. For example, S. Globerman, "New Technology Adoption in the CanadianPaper Industry," Industrial Organization Review, 4 (1976): 5-12.17. This was revealed by Bengsten et al.'s recent discussion of the diffusion ofstructural particleboard in North America: D.N. Bengsten, H.M. Gregersen,and J. Haygreen, "Seesawing Across the 49th Parallel: the InternationalDiffusion of a Wood-based Technology," paper presented at the 1986Forest History Society Conference, Vancouver, 8-11 October 1986.18. Tillman, op. cit.19. See J. Cotter, "The Challenge is in Learning How to Apply New Technology,"Pulp and Paper Journal, September 1982b: 10-11; S.R Dartt, "Microprocessor-basedControl Systems - Where Are We Going? Pulp andPaper, February 1986: 71-74; o.K. Fadum, "Mill-wide Automation: A Lookat What's Available," Pulp and Paper Journal, April 1984: 12-20; Smith, op.cit.20. See, for example, Science Council of Canada, Seeds of Renewal: Biotechnologyand Canada's Resource Industries (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services,1985) and P. Winter, "A Forest in the Hand," Science Dimension, June 1985:10-13.21. Tillman, op. cit., Hopgood, op. cit.22. Tillman, op. cit., pp. 148-176.23. Ibid., p. 154.24. See R Hohol, "Pulping Methods on the Threshold of Change," Pulp andPaper, April 1982: 14-16; RA. Leask, "TMP Trend is Still Towards HigherCapacity Refiners," Pulp and Paper Canada, March 1984: 14-15; M. Vaillancourt,"Putting a Tree in Your Tank: Breaking Wood Down to Alcohol,"Science Dimension, 4 (1984):19-24; Woodbridge and Breck, op. cit.25. Tillman, op. cit., pp. 155-176.26. Ibid., pp. 197-215.27. Ibid., pp. 221-267.28. Ibid., Hopgood, op. cit.4. Technological Capability and Technological Liaisons:An Assessment1. J.N.H. Britton and J.M. Gilmour, The Weakest Link:A Technological Perspective125
on Canadian Industrial Underdevelopment, Science Council of Canada, BackgroundStudy No. 43 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1978).2. R. Hayter, "Research and Development in the Canadian Forest ProductSector - Another Weak Link?" Canadian Geographer, 26 (1982): 256-263;R. Hayter, "The Evolution and Structure of the Canadian Forest ProductSector: An Assessment of the Role of Foreign Ownership and Control,"Fennia, 163 (1985):439-450.3. The information was obtained, first, from directories. See Cattell Press,Industrial Research Laboratories of the United States (New York: Bowker, 1977)and AM. Palmer, Research Centers Directory (Detroit: Gale ResearchCompany, 1977). Second, data were obtained by telephone from R&Dorganizations not listed in the directories. See R. Hayter, "Research andDevelopment in the Canadian Forest Product Sector - Another WeakLink?" Canadian Geographer, 26 (1982): 256-263.4. J. Kalish, "PPI's Top 100," Pulp and Paper Industry, September 1977:89-96.5. P. Hanel, La technologie et les exportations canadiennes du materiel pour la filierebois-papier (Montreal: L'Institut de recherches politiques, 1985).6. Ibid., p. 57.7. See Business Week, "R&D Scoreboard," Business Week, 23 June 1985:102.8. Business Week, "R&D Scoreboard," Business Week, 23 June 1985:139-140.9. Hanel, op.cit. See also R. Hayter, Technological Capability in the Forest ProductSector of British Columbia: An Exploratory Inquiry, Discussion Paper No. 13(Burnaby: Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, 1981):14-18.10. Hanel, op. cit., p. 66.11. R. Hayter, Technological Capability in the Forest Product Sector of BritishColumbia: An Exploratory Inquiry, Discussion Paper No. 13 (Burnaby:Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, 1981).12. Hanel, op. cit.13. J. Sorenson, "Steep Slope Slashers Debut on West Coast," Canadian ForestIndustries, May 1984:14-17.14. Canadian Forest Industries, "Italian Manufacturers Target CanadianMills," Canadian Forest Industries, October 1984: 29.15. R. Hayter, Technological Capability in the Forest Product Sector of BritishColumbia: An Exploratory Inquiry, Discussion Paper No. 13 (Burnaby: Departmentof Geography, Simon Fraser University, 1981).16. J. Raumolin, "The Impact of Forest Sector on Economic Development inFinland and Eastern Canada," Fennia, 163 (1985): 395-431.17. Indeed, such patterns with respect to the Canadian economy as a wholewere long ago observed by H. Marshall, F.A Southard, and K.W. Taylor,Canadian-American Industry:A Study in International Investment (Toronto: TheRyerson Press, 1936): 281-282.18. R. Hayter, Technological Capability in the Forest Product Sector of BritishColumbia: An Exploratory Inquiry, Discussion Paper No. 13 (Burnaby: Departmentof Geography, Simon Fraser University, 1981):61.19. Columbia Cellulose, which provided the only internal source of dissolvingpulp to its parent company, employed about 90 people in the mid1960s at its then new Vancouver laboratory whose R&D on pulpingprocesses was closely integrated with the parent's R&D in New York.Following corporate losses, however, this facility was cut back considerablyand since 1972 it has hived off to form the basis of a small, privatecompany. Ontario Paper, whose parent is the Chicago Tribune - a nonforestproduct firm - has a small R&D group in Thorold. In recent years126
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Science Council of Canada100 Metcal
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ContentsForewordAcknowledgments1113
Page 7 and 8:
In-House R&D by Equipment Suppliers
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Table 2.5: R&D Employment in 10 Can
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ForewordTechnological innovation an
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adapted sufficiently rapidly to the
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Finally, the author interviewed sen
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Table 1.3: Degree of Foreign Contro
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Figure 1.1: Innovation Patterns and
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Since 1945 the pace of technologica
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Toward Reliance on Research rather
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science occurred between 1900 and 1
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Forestry Sector R&D SystemIn Canada
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up its forestry research group at N
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and one other that was strongly ori
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closely involved in the establishme
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to vet and control research priorit
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In-House R&D by Equipment Suppliers
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product. One, by no means atypical,
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only internal source of dissolving
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of which only 18 per cent came from
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New information can be generated by
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Chapter 3The R&D System andHow It W
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Table 3.2: Summary Characteristics
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Sixteen firms provided details on s
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The Opco Process: A Case Study of I
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however, within the last two decade
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in 1959, and a full-scale experimen
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Papritection was developed as follo
Page 62 and 63:
Further tests were conducted in 198
Page 64 and 65:
fully automatic machines, and its s
Page 66 and 67:
Chapter 4Technological Capability a
Page 68 and 69:
Table 4.2 provides measurements of
Page 70 and 71:
forest-product equipment patents, w
Page 72 and 73: Foreign-Ownership and In-House R&DT
Page 74 and 75: Technological Liaisons: Forest-Prod
Page 76 and 77: for this deficiency the federal gov
Page 78 and 79: On the other hand, three of the lea
Page 80 and 81: one of Sweden's forest-products gia
Page 82 and 83: Capital Investments in the Canadian
Page 84 and 85: and Quebec accounted for 33.9 per c
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.5: Canadian Forest-Product
Page 88 and 89: Scandinavian manufacturers are in t
Page 90 and 91: was implemented smoothly and manage
Page 92 and 93: the foundations were poured, until
Page 94 and 95: inherent capabilities were never fu
Page 96 and 97: especially in the east, has receive
Page 98 and 99: "export staples mentality." The bel
Page 100 and 101: size of the conglomerates would cer
Page 102 and 103: the concept of flexibility explicit
Page 104 and 105: This author therefore recommends th
Page 106 and 107: with respect to technology transfer
Page 108 and 109: of the R&D system and influence the
Page 110 and 111: operations, attitudes toward innova
Page 112 and 113: limited R&D base, but they do empha
Page 114 and 115: The small size and non-innovative n
Page 116 and 117: Promoting In-House R&D in the Fores
Page 118 and 119: Notes1. The Technological Challenge
Page 120 and 121: 7. For example, nj. Daly, "Weak Lin
Page 124 and 125: this R&D facility has become even s
Page 126 and 127: 3. K. Noble, "Forest Industry Urged
Page 128 and 129: Publications of the ScienceCouncil
Page 130 and 131: Reports on Matters Referred by the
Page 132 and 133: No. 40. Government Regulation of th
Page 134 and 135: 1981An Engineer's View of Science E
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