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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeSA boy walks in front of the damaged LyceeAl-Horreya School at Mohamed Mahmoud Street,where clashes between protesters and securityforces took place the previous week, in downtownCairo, egypt, 29 November 2012.© 2012 REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh.134
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK <strong>2014</strong>eGYPTPolitical and sectarian tensions led to sporadic attacksagainst schools, damage and looting of universitybuildings, and arbitrary arrest and injury of studentson campus. 675ContextOn 11 February 2011, President Hosni Mubarak wasousted following a popular uprising, and after oneand-a-halfyears of military rule, Mohamed Morsi ofthe Muslim Brotherhood was elected President.However, in July 2013, the military deposed him,leading to a violent crackdown on his supporters.Security forces killed more than 600 pro-Morsiprotesters during the dispersal of two Cairo sit-ins on14 August 2013. 676 Sharp divisions, especially betweenIslamists and secular groups, continued to result inviolent confrontations. 677Under Mubarak, there was a history of staff andstudents at universities being closely monitored byplainclothes state security on campus. 678 In October2010, an administrative court ordered security forcesoff university campuses. 679Egypt’s net primary enrolment was estimated at 96 percent (2011), 680 gross secondary enrolment was 72 percent (2010) 681 and gross tertiary enrolment was 29 percent (2011). 682 The adult literacy rate was 72 per cent(2010). 683Attacks on school students, teachers and educationpersonnelIn February 2012, a court in the southern cityof Assiut sentenced Makarem Diab, a Christian schoolteacher, to six years in prison on charges of defamingIslam. 684 The case against Diab was brought byIslamist colleagues who accused him of mockingIslam’s prophet Mohammed. 685 In September 2012,Nevine Gad, a Christian social studies teacher at apreparatory school in Manfalout, Assiut province, wasarrested and charged with blasphemy after a studentcomplained about a lesson on Islamic history she hadgiven, with a section on the life of Mohammed. 686Military use of schoolsIn November 2012, the Lycee Al-Horreya ‘Bab El Louk’sustained heavy damage when Central SecurityForces, Egypt’s riot police, used the school to launchattacks on protesters in Cairo over four consecutivedays. Molotov cocktails left parts of the school inflames and soldiers threw school furniture atprotesters. 687Attacks on higher educationAttacks on higher education facilitiesOn 6 February 2011, in an attempt to quell protests,the Egyptian authorities closed all universities. TheAmerican University was damaged during protests inNovember 2011. 688During December 2011 clashes, in which the militaryopened fire and protesters threw Molotov cocktails,the Egyptian Institute, a research institution, wasdestroyed by fire and its invaluable collection of booksand journals largely destroyed. 689 The governmentaccused protesters of throwing petrol bombs at thebuilding. 690Attacks on higher education students, academics andpersonnelProtests, clashes and arrests related to the widerpolitical unrest frequently took place on universitycampuses. On 6 April 2009, eight people were injuredand 15 were arrested in clashes between oppositionand pro-government students during a protest in AinShams University in Cairo. 691In early September 2012, hundreds of Egyptiansprotested in Alexandria over the alleged torture bypolice of a student who was arrested while participatingin a demonstration at Alexandria University. 692Attacks on education in 2013Schools and universities were affected by the manypolitical protests that turned violent in 2013. Pro- andanti-Morsi demonstrators clashed around CairoUniversity on 2 July. 693 Witnesses reported gunmenshooting from the top of the Literature Faculty andother university roofs. 694 Protests just outside theuniversity campus were ongoing for two months,before being violently dispersed by security forces on14 August. 695 In September and October protests took135
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Global Coalition toProtect Educatio
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EDUCATIONUNDER ATTACK2014A global s
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Part III - Country profiles .......
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At a school in Lahore, Pakistan, pe
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An Afghan youth looks through textb
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SUMMARYRecruitment of children and
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014Partners
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014domestic
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014Educatio
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014Key reco
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Palestinian schoolgirls write on th
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MeTHODOLOGYMethods of data collecti
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MeTHODOLOGYfrom different sources u
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Students stand in the doorway of a
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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeWThis stud
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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeWRecommend
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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeWAccountab
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PART II — THeMATIC eSSAYSThe foll
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continued with frequency. 1651 Ofte
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Global Coalition to Protect Educati
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