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eNDNOTeSwhere the government (understood as including all state forces such as the militaryand the police, not just the political authority) is the perpetrator and doesnot hold itself to account through legal processes.62 Information provided by a UN respondent, 23 January 2013; UNSC, Report ofthe Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in the Philippines,S/2010/36, 21 January 2010; Simmons College, “Abu Sayyaf still holdsPhilippines to ransom,” 29 April 2009.63 For detailed examples and citations, please refer to the Mexico profile in PartIII of the present volume.64 Paramilitary successor groups are groups that evolved from demobilized paramilitarygroups.65 Personeria de Medellín, “Informe de la situación de los derechos humanos enel primer semestre de 2010,” 8; Ivan Darío Ramírez Adarve, La Escuela enMedellín, Un Territorio en Disputa (Bogotá: Coalición Contra La Vinculación deNiños, Niñas y Jóvenes al Conflicto Armado en Colombia (COALICO), July 2012),35; “Reclutamiento en Colegios está Produciendo Desplazamientos Masivos:Acnur,” Vanguardia.com, 14 February 2012; “La guerra que desangró aMedellín,” elcolombiano.com, 8 August 2012.66 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,A/65/820–S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para 57.67 This total is compiled from the information provided in the Country profileslater in this study. See also: The Syrian Network for Human Rights, “A Report onthe Destruction of Schools and Its Consequences,” accessed 17 January 2013.68 Information provided by a UN respondent on 1 February 2013.69 Information provided by Human Rights Watch, 4 December 201270 Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA), Lessons in War:Military Use of Schools and Other Education Institutions during Conflict (NewYork: GCPEA, 2012), 22, 30; J. Venkatesan, “Chhattisgarh Government Pulled Upfor Misleading Supreme Court,” The Hindu, 9 January 2011; “Schools Occupiedby Security Personnel in Manipur,” The Hindu, 22 April 2011; “SC asksJharkhand, Tripura to Free Schools from Security Forces,” Times of India, 7 March2011.71 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of Schoolsin India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December 2009), 3-4.72 Bede Sheppard and Kyle Knight, Disarming Schools: Strategies for Ending theMilitary Use of Schools during Armed Conflict (United Nations Institute forDisarmament Research, 31 October 2011).73 HRW, World Report 2012: Thailand (New York: HRW, 2012).74 General Commander of the Military Forces, order of July 6, 2010, official documentNumber 2010124005981/CGFM-CGING-25.11[Colombia]; and Armed Forcesof the Philippines Letter Directive No. 34, GHQ AFP, November 24, 2009, para. 7.75 RA No. 7610, An Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protectionagainst Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination, Providing Penalties for itsViolation and Other Purposes, June 17, 1992, art. X(22)(e); House Bill 4480, An ActProviding for the Special Protection of Children in Situations of Armed Conflictand Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, 15th Congress of the Philippines,approved by House 23 May 2011.76 Information provided by ICRC, April 2013.77 Information provided by a UN respondent, 23 January 2013.78 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,A/65/820-S/2011/250, 23 April 2011, para. 179.79 UNSC, Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-General,A/66/782–S/2012/261, 26 April 2012, para 150.80 HRW, No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attackson Schools in Somalia (New York: HRW, February 2012), 68.81 HRW, Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation ofSchools in India’s Bihar and Jharkhand States (New York: HRW, 9 December2009), 43, 49-50.82 Ibid., 4.83 For detailed examples and citations, please refer to the Colombia profile inPart III of the present volume.84 Coalición contra la vinculación de niños, niñas y jóvenes al conflicto armadoen Colombia y Comision Colombiana de Juristas, Informe especializadoAntioquia, 2010, 32, 33; and Sistema de Alertas Tempranas – SAT, Defensoríadelegada para la prevención de riesgos de violaciones de derechos humanos yDIH, Informe de Riesgo No 015-13, Fecha: 2 May 2013, 42.85 Sajjid Tarakzai, “Teen says 400 Pakistan suicide bombers in training,” AFP, 8April 2011; Zahid Hussain, “Teenage bombers are rescued from Taleban suicidetraining camps,” The Nation, 27 July 2009; Owais Tohid, “Pakistani teen tells ofhis recruitment, training as suicide bomber,” The Christian Science Monitor, 16June 2011.86 Coalición contra la vinculación de niños, niñas y jóvenes al conflicto armadoen Colombia y Comision Colombiana de Juristas, Informe alterno al informe delEstado colombiano sobre el cumplimiento del Protocolo Facultativo Relativo a laParticipación de Niños en los Conflictos Armados, 2010, 50, 51.87 Muhammad Ezan, Analyst. Interviewed by Fuad Rajeh on 6 March 2013.88 HRW, “DR Congo: Bosco Ntaganda Recruits Children by Force,” 16 May 2012.89 UNSC, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict inSomalia, S/2010/577, 9 November 2010, paras 24 and 29; US Department ofState, Trafficking in Persons Report 2012 - Somalia (Washington, DC: Office toMonitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, 2012); Amnesty International, In theLine of Fire: Somalia’s Children under Attack (London: Amnesty International,2011), 42; “SOMALIA: Recruitment of Child Soldiers on the Increase,” IRIN News,21 March 2011; Mohamed Shiil, “Students Forced To Leave School To Fight Jihad,”Somalia Report, 18 April 2011; Mohamed Shiil, “Insurgents Tell Koranic Schoolsto Deliver Kids,” Somalia Report, 19 June 2011; “Al-Shabaab Recruits Students inKismayo,” Suna Times, 3 May 2012; and Mohamed Beerdhige, “Al-ShabaabForces Teachers To Join Fighting,” Somalia Report, 15 January 2012.90 HRW, No Place for Children: Child Recruitment, Forced Marriage, and Attackson Schools in Somalia (New York: HRW, February 2012), 25, 63-64, 71.91 Ibid., 56.92 Ibid., 55-57; Alex Spillius, “Al-Shabaab militia abducting teenage girls to marryfighters,” The Telegraph, 21 February 2012.93 Wafa Organization for Martyrs’ Families and Wounded Care, officials interviewedby Fuad Rajeh on 12 March 2013; updated information provided by WAFA,December 2013. In collecting data, WAFA visited field hospitals registering detailsof the wounded and conducted follow-up visits to the homes of all of the victimsto check on details.94 For citations, see Sudan profile in Part III of this volume.95 For detailed examples and citations, please refer to the Sudan profile in Part IIIof this volume.96 For details, see the relevant Country profiles in Part III of this study.97 Isa Sanusi, “Nigerian students living in fear,” BBC News, 1 October 2013;“Nigeria to boost school security after deadly attack,” BBC News, 30 September2013.98 Roula Hajjar and Borzou Daragahi, “Syrian Forces Raid Dorms; 3 StudentsKilled,” Los Angeles Times, 22 June 2011; Wagdy Sawahel, “Aleppo StudentsKilled, Injured in Campus Attacks,” University World News, 4 May 2012.99 Amnesty International, Agents of Fear: The National Security Service in Sudan(London: Amnesty International, 2010), 44; US Department of State, 2010Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Sudan (Bureau of Democracy,210