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PART I — GLOBAL OveRvIeWRecruitment of children and sexualviolence at schools or along school routesRecruitment of children for military purposes andsexual violence are addressed in this study onlyinsofar as they amount to a type of attack on schoolsand students. While forced recruitment and sexualviolence happen in a range of settings during conflict,parties may specifically target schools or schoolroutes because they are places where children areknown to be concentrated. Although child recruitmentand sexual violence are regularly reported by the UN,there is very little reporting on how many of theseviolations take place at school or along school routes.This study found evidence of recruitment of childrenfrom school, or en route to or from school, during the2009-2012 period in at least six countries: Colombia,DRC, Pakistan, Somalia, Thailand and Yemen. InColombia, guerrilla and paramilitary groups werereported to recruit children at schools; 83 child recruitswere used as spies or to transport arms or pass onmessages to other students in schools, as well as torun their drug business inside schools. 84 In Pakistan,children were recruited from madrassas (religiousschools) and mainstream schools. In some cases,they were lured or abducted from schools andmadrassas to train to become suicide bombers. 85Recruitment methods varied across countries andranged from selection through indoctrinationprogrammes at school and the offering of inducements,to abduction en route, the use of death threatsand the rounding up of whole groups of students atschools.For example, in Colombia, armed groups waitedoutside schools to talk to children, find out information,and recruit and control them. 86 In Yemen,Houthi rebels used students and teachers to recruitchildren at schools for them. 87 In DRC, a breakawayrebel group seized 32 boys from a school, tied them upand marched them off to a military camp to train tofight. 88In Somalia, where thousands of children were givenmilitary training or recruited, mostly from schools,teachers were ordered by the armed group Al-Shabaabto enlist them or release them for training. 89 Onewitness told Human Rights Watch how studentsscrambled to jump out of school windows on thesecond and third storeys to escape Al-Shabaabmembers when they came to their school. 90Isolated cases of sexual violence against students andteachers perpetrated by armed forces or armed groupsat, or en route to or from, schools or universities werealso reported in DRC and Somalia. Two incidents inCAR and India were also reported in 2012-2013.Human Rights Watch research in Somalia foundevidence of girls being lined up at schools and takento be ‘wives’ of Al-Shabaab fighters. In one case, thegirls were selected at gunpoint; one who refused to betaken was shot dead in front of her classmates. 91 Inanother incident, after 12 girls were taken by Al-Shabaab, the teacher reported that some 150 femalestudents dropped out of school. One of the 12 taken, a16-year-old, was beheaded after refusing to marry afighter much older than her and her head was broughtback to be shown to the remaining girls at the schoolas a warning. 92The number of incidents is likely to be under-reported,especially for incidents en route to or from school.Attacks on higher educationThe study found attacks on higher education facilities,students and academics and military use of universitieswere reported in 28 of the 30 profiled countriesin 2009-2012. The exceptions were CAR and Mali.Attacks on higher education over the reporting periodincluded assassination, killing or injury of studentsand academics, arbitrary arrest, torture, abduction,kidnapping, imprisonment and the bombing of groupsof students, individual academics and highereducation facilities. There were also incidents ofuniversities being taken over or shut down by force.These attacks on higher education were carried outboth by government armed forces, security forces orpolice and by armed non-state groups, includingguerrillas, rebels, paramilitaries and militias. Thedifference from school-level attacks is that, in highereducation, a greater proportion of attacks involvearbitrary arrest or forms of persecution of namedindividuals and there are far fewer attacks on54
EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK <strong>2014</strong>buildings. In this regard, they are closer in type toattacks on teacher trade unionists.The countries with the highest number of reportedattacks on higher education included Sudan andYemen. The largest number of university studentskilled was reported in Yemen, where 73 highereducation students were killed during the 2011uprising and 139 were injured, 38 of whom werepermanently disabled as a result of their injury,according to the Wafa Organization for Martyrs’Families and Wounded Care. 93 However, it is notknown how many of these killings and injuriesoccurred on campus or in the vicinity of universities, orbecause the victims were being targeted as students.By contrast in Sudan, far fewer university studentswere reportedly killed (15), but far more were injured(479), many when police and security forces usedexcessive force against students demonstrating oncampus over university policies. 94The largest number of university student arrests wasreported in Sudan – with more than a thousandRescue workers and family members gather to identifythe shrouded bodies of students killed during anattack on the Yobe State College of Agriculture that leftsome 50 students dead in Gujba, Yobe state, Nigeria,29 September 2013.© 2013 AP Photoarrested, mostly in incidents directly related toprotests on education issues or carried out atuniversity dormitories or other education facilities. 95Where killings took place, in many cases they wererelated to excessive use of force by security forcesagainst student demonstrators or were targetedkillings of individual academics and students. Someof the most serious incidents involved raids carriedout on student dormitories or other forms of campusresidence in Côte d’Ivoire, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria,Pakistan, Sudan and Syria. 96 For instance, inSeptember 2013, gunmen stormed a dormitory in themiddle of the night at a college in Yobe, Nigeria, andopened fire, killing at least 50 students; 97 and securityforces killed seven students, injured 49 and arrested55
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Global Coalition toProtect Educatio
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EDUCATIONUNDER ATTACK2014A global s
Page 5 and 6: Part III - Country profiles .......
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Page 22 and 23: SUMMARYRecruitment of children and
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Page 83 and 84: PART II — THeMATIC eSSAYSThe foll
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014Provisio
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014(a)(b)Th
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PART III — COUNTRY PROFILeSThere
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014A teache
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014Attacks
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EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014Primary
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signed by the ‘Bloque Antioqueño
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contradicting the higher education
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Working Group survey also reported
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continued with frequency. 1651 Ofte
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Global Coalition to Protect Educati
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