eua_2014_full.pdf?utm_content=buffer4a392&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter

EDUCATION UNDER ATTACK 2014long distance to the nearest school. Many who enrolmay not complete a full course of study and, for thosewho do, other problems, such as teacher absenteeismand poor facilities, impinge adversely on the quality oftheir education. The nature of the curriculum and theparallel existence of private, public, and madrassaschool systems are seen by some as contributing tosocial divisions. 1205 Boys from urban areas attendschool for 10 years if they come from the country’srichest 20 per cent; poor rural girls, on the other hand,receive an average of just one year of education. 1206In primary education, net enrolment was 72 per cent;in secondary education, it was 35 per cent and grossenrolment in tertiary education was 8 per cent (2011).Adult literacy was 55 per cent (2009). 1207Attacks on schoolsIn areas affected by Taliban militancy, hundreds ofschools were blown up and proponents of femaleeducation were killed. The total number of reportedmilitant attacks on schools in 2009-2012 was at least838 and could be as high as 919. Difficulties faced byjournalists and other observers working in the worstaffected areas mean that the true total could beconsiderably higher. 1208 The Human RightsCommission of Pakistan (HRCP) reported 505 schoolsdamaged or destroyed in 2009 alone. 1209There was a strong trend for schools to be blown up atnight in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KP) province and theFederally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in thenorth-west. 1210 Typically, perpetrators set off small,improvised devices remotely or with timers, rarelycausing casualties. The schools were mostlygovernment-run but private schools catering to highersocio-economic groups were also affected. Madrassaswere not targeted. Pakistani Taliban groupssometimes claimed responsibility for the attacks. 1211Daytime attacks on schools included bombings andgrenade and gun attacks; one school was shelled withmortars two years in a row. 1212The bombing of schools was an alarmingly efficientcampaign for which few of the perpetrators have beenheld to account despite hundreds of schools beingdestroyed. 1213 Hundreds of thousands of children weredeprived of education as a result. 1214Whether the intention was to target school buildingsas symbols of government authority, because of theiruse as army bases or because of the educationimparted in them, or for all of these reasons, is notdocumented. However, the Pakistani Taliban’s recordin Swat demonstrated that preventing girls’ educationwas one of their objectives.Attacks on school students, teachers and othereducation personnelAttacks on school studentsHuman rights and media reports suggest that at least30 children were killed 1215 in attacks on schools andschool transport from 2009 to 2012 and more than 97were injured. 1216 At least 138 school students and staffwere reported to have been kidnapped, of whom 122were abducted in a single incident when armedTaliban militants seized control of a convoy of 28school buses transporting secondary school studentsand teachers in North Waziristan, borderingAfghanistan, and tried to take them to SouthWaziristan. However, 71 of the students and nineteachers were freed in a military operation. 1217 Fortytwostudents and teachers remained in custody.Initially, the militants tried to kidnap 300 students and30 teachers but more than half were able to escape.The Taliban reportedly used kidnapping to fund theiroperations and buy weapons. 1218At the start of 2009, Taliban militants were in control ofthe Swat Valley in the North West Frontier province(later renamed Khyber Pukhtunkhwa), enforcing theirhard-line interpretation of Sharia law and conductinga violent campaign against female education. InJanuary 2009, they banned girls’ schooling outright,forcing 900 schools to close or stop enrolment forfemale pupils. 1219 Some 120,000 girls and 8,000female teachers stopped attending school in Swatdistrict. 1220 Over the following months, the Pakistanimilitary regained control of the area but many schoolgirlsand female teachers were too scared to return toschool nearly a year after the military ousted theTaliban. 1221On 9 October 2012, Malala Yousafzai was shot, alongwith two other students, Shazia Ramzan and KainatRiaz, on their school bus by a gunman who escaped169