LISP I Programmer's Manual - Software Preservation Group

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to the value of an expression E, the V must be quoted in theThe function setq on the other hand treats its first argumentas if quoted and evaluates its second argument only.S-expression becomesThus the(SETQ,V,E)~which is entirely equivalent to the previous, and usually moreconvenient.The following is an example of a program using the programfeature. It is a version of search, (see Chapter 2).Although the entire program is in the form of a large list, forease of reading it has been spaced out below in the form of asequential program, with the location-marking atomic symbolsset out to the left, The program variable is LT.expression for this program for the APPLY operator is,(LAMBDA, (L,P,FN,u>, (PROG,(LT),(SETQ,LT,L),TEST, (GO, (COND, ( (NULLCONT, (GO, (COND, ((P,LT), (QUOTE,RETF)),STEP, (SETQ,LT, (@DR,LT)),GO, (QUOTE, TEST) ) ,RETU, (RETURN, (u) ),RETF, '(RETURN, (FN, L ) )1)The LAMBDA,LT) , (QUOTE ,RETU) ) ,(T,(QuoTE, CONT) ) ) ) ,(T,(QUOTE,STEP)))) ,In the above note that a function of no arguments, such asu, must be put in parentheses in order to be evaluated, Cf, (u)in the line starting with RETU,
Since the program feature will be used frequently in themanual to describe LISP functions, and since M-expressions areeasier to read than S-expressions, programs will usually bewritten down in M-type notation. Program variables will begiven in lower case, but the atomic symbols used as locationmarkingsymbols will be retained in capital letters. The expression(SETQ,X;Y) becomes x = y.Using these rules and other obvious extensions of them the a-bove program is written as follows:program for search[a;p;fn;u] with program variables at:TESTCONTSTEPRETUat = ago[null[at] -* RETU;T -* CONT]go[p[at] -* RETF;T -* STEP]at = cdr[a]go [TEST]return[u]RE TF return[fn[a] ]4.6 The Com~ilerThe LISP compiler is itself a pseudo-function which isavailable to the APPLY operator. The compiler is called in bythe LISP function,where x is a list of names of the functions to be compiled.Each function on the list will be compiled into a binary ma-chine program provided the function is defined on its associationlist by an indicator EXPR pointing to an S-expression.
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Artificial Intelli~cnce GroupJ. McC
Page 5:
Contents1 . Introduction ..........
Page 9 and 10: 2. Recursive Functions of Symbolic
Page 12 and 13: expression was, defined, the meanin
Page 14: Let f be an expression that stands
Page 17 and 18: There is a twofold reason for depar
Page 19 and 20: 2, eq - 4eq[x;y] is defined if and
Page 21 and 22: 2. sub~t[x;~;z]This function gives
Page 23 and 24: z;eq[caar[x];z]sub2[x;~];~((u1,vi)
Page 25 and 26: The S-functLon apply is defined byI
Page 27 and 28: The list p - could be eliminated, a
Page 29 and 30: 3. LISP PrimerThe features of LISP
Page 31 and 32: The answer ( ((x A) B) (X A) ) will
Page 33 and 34: one introducing it into the consequ
Page 35 and 36: h,~~,pand)Y,SP5a. Rule4>: If j,++h,
Page 37 and 38: to one of the 10 rules. The formula
Page 39 and 40: (~111(LAMBDA( ~1 A2 A C) (COND ((NU
Page 41 and 42: This causes the functions mentioned
Page 43 and 44: 4. The LISP Programming SystemIn th
Page 45 and 46: Example 3:The following example, on
Page 47 and 48: In either case, if a machine-langua
Page 49 and 50: Note that the argument x starts wit
Page 51 and 52: sion whose first element may be LAM
Page 53 and 54: 5 = (atomic function, arguments): C
Page 55 and 56: - PROG is a special form described
Page 57: When a list beginning with GO is en
Page 61 and 62: and goes ahead after printing out(f
Page 63 and 64: eturn[fn[a]In terms of the M-type n
Page 65 and 66: ( , SXD, G0011,4),LD&,G0002)( ,C;LA
Page 67 and 68: push-down(MAPLIST,BSS, 0)( ,SXD,GOO
Page 69 and 70: Ls.( ,O,U( ,STO,G0015)( , LXD, $FRE
Page 71 and 72: Running a LISP ProgramIn this secti
Page 73 and 74: SET :Note:FLX*:CRD*:FIN:This card w
Page 75 and 76: Sense switches used:SWITCH NUMBERUS
Page 77 and 78: The Flexowriter Sys tem (for M.1.T.
Page 79 and 80: indicates carriage returnindicates
Page 81 and 82: TEN-ModeThere are ten buffers of co
Page 83 and 84: ErrorsTyping errors may be erased b
Page 85 and 86: (from the tab type-in) will be proc
Page 87 and 88: answerTENCAR ((A@) 0- LINE NUMBER M
Page 89 and 90: 6. List StructuresMuch of the follo
Page 91 and 92: y either the list structure of Fig.
Page 93 and 94: which is represented asFirst we con
Page 95 and 96: the location of the association lis
Page 97 and 98: and the decrement of the TXL instru
Page 99 and 100: the 2's (8's) complement of an octa
Page 101 and 102: 25207 052567 05257025210 000000 000
Page 103: garbage collector does a linear swe
Page 106 and 107: The function collapse, is defined a
Page 108 and 109:
THE TIME IS NOW 2/16 1139.7FUNCTION
Page 110 and 111:
DEFINE( ( (RVRSE, (LAMBDA, (L ) JCO
Page 113 and 114:
8. Error Indications Given by LISPB
Page 115 and 116:
Errors due to computer inadequacies
Page 117 and 118:
Errors during the operation of the
Page 119 and 120:
9. Functions Available in LISPIn th
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s[x;y] : machine languageThe value
Page 123 and 124:
eval[e;b] - : machine languageThe r
Page 125 and 126:
Defining Functions:The argument of
Page 127 and 128:
MORE]nconc[x;y]: machine languageTh
Page 129 and 130:
evaluated functions. - map is used
Page 131 and 132:
-ins t [x;y; z]: machine languageHe
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prog[prin2[d~rinl[~];The function p
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puncha[x] : machine languageThe fun
Page 137 and 138:
9.2 Special Formsquote : machine la
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function[ f ] : machine language; s
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desc[cdr[x];cdr[y]-desc[x;y] : mach
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eturn[^]intv[x] : machine language;
Page 145 and 146:
The program for compsrch has the pr
Page 147 and 148:
NIL;T+The value of - cpl is the loc
Page 149 and 150:
--- ~reaterlp; q] : machine languag
Page 151 and 152:
matrixmultiply[x;y] : machine langu
Page 153 and 154:
9.5 Alphabetic Index to FunctionsFu
Page 155 and 156:
Function Page .mapcon .............
Page 157 and 158:
GENERAL INDEXActive register, 96APP
Page 159 and 160:
GENERAL INDEXFunctions, 3alphabetic
Page 161 and 162:
GENERAL INDEXPropositionalcalculus;
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