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Table 3.Recommendations for O. mykiss culture in South Africa. Red shading indicates ‘No culture”, orange shadingindicates “high biosecurity” (closed RAS only), blue shading indicates “medium biosecurity” (i.e. partial RAS)and green shading indicates “low biosecurity” requirements (i.e. dam, river or marine culture). White blocksrepresent “Non-applicability”, i.e. in this case, there is no native distribution of O. mykiss in South Africa.Some of the ‘high biosecurity’ categories require further explanation and this is denoted with a number. ‘1’has been categorised as high biosecurity due to the uncertainty regarding the self-sustaining nature ofexisting populations. ‘2’ has been categorised as high biosecurity to include the protection of non-fishthreatened species (which are not directly recognised in the fish sanctuary format of FEPAs).FEPA map categoryNativedistributionExistingintroducedpopulationSpecies notpresent(climaticallysuitable)Species notpresent(climaticallyunsuitable)FEPA (Fish and River FEPAs) or MPA 1 1 1Fish Support Area 1 1Fish CorridorUpstream management AreaPhase 2 FEPAs 2 2 2All other areas (freshwater)All other marine areas (non-MPA)In all other freshwater areas, except where the species is not present but its culture is suited to theclimate (this requires high biosecurity measures), low biosecurity culture facilities can be installed,such as dam, river or cage culture.In all other freshwater habitats, dam, river or cage culture can be undertaken. Although there arecurrently no active marine aquaculture facilities for rainbow trout within this country, marinefarming of O. mykiss is a potentially viable alternative for South Africa. For such systems, if there isany risk of individuals from a marine culture system entering rivers in this country, then it isrecommended that similar criteria in respect of land-based systems should be applied to thesesystems.The construction of closed and partial RAS facilities which treat water and use recycled water shouldbe encouraged wherever possible, to prevent the discharge of organisms and waste products intothe surrounding environment.13 ReferencesAlborali, L. 2006. Climate variations related to fish diseases and production. Veternary ResearchCommunications. (30 Suppl.I), 93-97.Anchor Environmental Consultants. 2010. The nature, distribution and value of aquatic ecosystemservices of the Olifants, Inkomati and Usutu to Mhlatuze Water Management Areas.Contract report for Department: Water Affairs and Forestry. 378 pp.Astbury, C. 2004. A draft policy for the translocation of brown trout (Salmo Trutta) and Rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into and within Western Australia for the purposes ofPage | 18
ecreational stocking, domestic stocking, commercial and non-commercial aquaculture.FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PAPER NO. 179 Department of Fisheries, Australia. 50 pp.Bainbridge, W., Alletson, D., Davies, M., Lax, I. & Mills, J. 2005. The Policy of FOSAF on the Presenceof Trout in the Freshwater Aquatic Systems of South and Southern Africa : Position PaperNo. 3. Environmental Commitee, Federation of Southern African Flyfishers. Unpublishedreport, FOSAF Secretariat, Johannesburg. 17 pp.Bartley, D. & C.V. Casal, 1998. Impacts of introductions on the conservation and sustainable use ofaquatic biodiversity. FAN Aquaculture Newsletter 20: 15–19.Bekker, A., Hugo, C., Albertyn, J., Boucher, C. E. and Bragg, R. R. (2011), Pathogenic Gram-positivecocci in South African rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of FishDiseases, 34: 483–487.Britz, P.J., Lee, B. & Botes, L. 2009. AISA 2009 Aquaculture Benchmarking Survey: Primary Productionand Markets. AISA report produced by Enviro-Fish Africa (Pty) Ltd. 117p.Candiotto, A., Bo, T. & Fenoglio, S. 2011. Biological and ecological data on an established rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population in an Italian stream. Fundamentals of AppliedLimnology 179: 67–76.Cambray, J.A. 2003a. The global impact of alien trout species — a review; with reference to theirimpact in South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science 28: 61-67.Cambray, J.A. 2003b. Impact on indigenous species biodiversity caused by the globalization of alienrecreational freshwater fisheries. Hydrobiologia 500: 217–230.Cambray, J.A. & Pister, E.P. 2002. The role of scientists in creating public awareness for theconservation of fish species: African and American case studies. In: M.J. Collares-Pereira, I.G.Cowx & Coelho M.M. (eds) conservation of Freshwater Fishes: Options for the Future.Oxford: Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science, pp. 414–423.Clark, B. & Ratcliffe, G. (eds) 2007. Berg River Baseline Monitoring Programme: Final Report–Volume5: Synthesis. Publication No P WMA 19/G10/00/2107. Pretoria: Department of WaterAffairs.Copp, G.H., Britton, J.R., Cowx, I.G., Jeney, G., Joly, J-P., Gherardi, F., Gollasch, S., Gozlan, R.E., Jones,G., MacLeod, A., Midtlyng, P.J., Miossec, L., Nunn, A.D., Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Oidtmann,B., Olenin, S., Peeler, E., Russell, I.C., Savini, D., Tricarico, E. & Thrush, M. 2008. Riskassessment protocols and decision making tools for use of alien species in aquaculture andstock enhancement. EU Co-ordination Action Project: IMPASSE Environmental impacts ofalien species in aquaculture, Deliverable report 3.2.DAFF 2012a. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. South Africa’s Auaculture AnnualReport 2011.DAFF 2012b. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Animal Disease Status of SouthAfrica (24 February 2012).Driver, A., Nel, J.L., Snaddon, K., Murray, K., Roux, D., Hill, L., Swartz, E.R., Manuel, J. & Funke, N.2011. Implementation Manual for Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas. WRC Report No.1801/1/11. ISBN 978-1-4312-0147-1. Pretoria.Du Preez, M. & Lee, D.E. 2010. The contribution of trout fly fishing to the economy of Rhodes, NorthEastern Cape, South Africa. Development Southern Africa 27: 241-253.Duncan, W.M. 1991. The interactions between feral rainbow trout and the indigenous salmonids inLoch Awe, Scotland. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sterling, Sterling, United Kingdom.Engelbrecht, J. & Bills, R. 2007. Barbus treurensis. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of ThreatenedSpecies. Version 2012.1. . Downloaded on 03 September 2012.Page | 19
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