4VariacionEvolucion2b copy.pdf - Instituto de Ecología

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Table 1 Database of the review on life history traits and diversity obtained with RAPD, AFLP and ISSR markers. Number of studies, meanand standard deviation are given for each of four sampling strategy parameters: number of populations, number of plants per population,maximum geographical distance between sampled populations and number of polymorphic markers, and for three genetic parameters: amovaderivedF ST, Nei’s G ST, and mean within-population diversity, H popParameterRAPDNMean ± SDAFLPNMean ± SDISSRNMean ± SDPopulations 158 7.9 ± 6.4 27 14.0 ± 14.8 13 10.3 ± 7.7Plants 156 18.5 ± 14.6 27 14.5 ± 9.0 12 17.5 ± 8.0Distance (km) 152 956 ± 1880 26 1547 ± 2664 12 1315 ± 2335Markers 157 72.3 ± 59.5 27 238.1 ± 277.9 13 54.9 ± 19.7Φ ST116 0.34 ± 0.24 21 0.35 ± 0.18 9 0.35 ± 0.25G ST46 0.27 ± 0.21 12 0.21 ± 0.14 6 0.34 ± 0.29H pop60 0.22 ± 0.12 13 0.23 ± 0.08 4 0.22 ± 0.08is equivalent to the weighted average of F STfor all alleles(Nei 1973). In most cases, the Hamrick & Godt approachwith calculations carried out separately for each locusappears to have been used, but occasionally the parameterswere first averaged across loci instead. For SMM-basedcalculations, R STwas introduced as a replacement for theconventional la isoenzimas!F ST(Slatkin 1995). The R STestimator is eitherunstandardized, i.e. calculated from the raw variancesof allele lengths (Michalalakis & Excoffier 1996) orstandardized for each locus by division through the overallstandard deviation in repeat lengths (Goodman 1997).These diversity parameters, F STand R ST, were treatedseparately in the data compilation since they often differconsiderably when calculated on the same data set(Raybould et al. 1998; Reusch et al. 2000).analyses were performed mostly for studies based onRAPD, AFLP and STMS while those based on ISSR weretoo few. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to estimaterelationships among the population genetics parameters.Regression analyses were carried out using the populationgenetics parameters as dependent variables and the samplingstrategy parameters as independent variables. Effects of lifehistory traits were investigated using these as group variablesin single-factor analyses of variance for RAPD and STMS,with H pop, H E, H O, Φ ST, G STand F STas dependent variables.se comportan de manera parecida entre ellos y conpero son dominantes, y solo tienen dos“alelos” presencia y ausencia!ResultsSampling strategiesMean number of populations, plants per population,
Ferriol et al. ( 2004) C.moschata, morfologías defrutos encontrados en España ylas Islas Canarias, usandoAFLPs y SRAPs (sequencerelatedamplifiedpolymorphism), y morfológicas,47 accesiones :12 accesiones deCentro y Sudamérica, 2 deMarruecos y una variedadcomercial (Butternut, EUA). !SRAPs 148 (loci), 98 (66.2%)polimórficos. !AFLPs 156 bandas (loci), 134(85.9%) polimórficos.!Se separaron según su origenen dos grupos: Sudamérica yAmérica Central + España ,sugiriendo dos domesticacionesindependientes.!
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Variación Genética!EVOLUCION!!Dr.
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POPULATION GENETICS (= MICROEVOLUTI
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Gen: unidad de herencia que setrasm
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Genes en autosomas y en cromosomass
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Genetic material at the molecular l
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17% of Arabidopsis genome is in “
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Average length of each gene: 1.9 kb
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Genomes and genetics are morecompli
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VARIACIÓN GENÉTICA:1) EL PRIMER P
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POBLACION IDEAL!!modelo, poblacione
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N individuals!Frequencies de A= p 0
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!Números Frecuencias F. alélicasg
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Equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg!1 = p
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A 1 A 1 =p 2 !A 1 A 2 =2pq!A 2 A 2
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Th. Dobzhansky de sus!experimentos
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Lo contrasta con el !“modelo clá
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Los resultados del programa de inve
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Datos antes de Lewontin!Variación
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Evidencia etnobotánicay botánica
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Bases genética sencilla, !variaci
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Análisis genéticos: !Variación C
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Volume10 × 10 8d40Citogenéticos:
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El genoma en la familia Cucurbitace
Page 50 and 51: Gong y Lelley (2008) reportan el ma
Page 52 and 53: Así podemos ver los genes recesivo
Page 54 and 55: Si el 2o. cromosoma es el 40% del g
Page 56 and 57: letales, 37%!letales, 55%!Variació
Page 58 and 59: h 2 heredabilidad sentido restringi
Page 60 and 61: Ajolote vs salamandra (A. mexicanum
Page 63: H esperada en !HW!0 a 1...!
Page 68 and 69: La variación en poblaciones!natura
Page 70: Medidas de variación genética.!Da
Page 73 and 74: UPGMAD= -ln(I)!I= Jxy/ (JxJy) 1/2!!
Page 75: More than 2,200 studies have report
Page 79 and 80: Marcadoresderivados del PCR:!!AFLPs
Page 81 and 82: Agave striata ssp. striata!6 popula
Page 83 and 84: Genetic variation (47 loci, 12 popu
Page 85 and 86: More geneticvariation in theNorth!m
Page 87 and 88: Dos especies mezcaleras muycercanas
Page 89 and 90: Mapa
Page 91 and 92: Variación Genética en Agave, espe
Page 93 and 94: Structure: Análsis Bayesiano para
Page 95 and 96: Dendograma UPGMA basando en las dis
Page 97 and 98: VARIACIÓN GENÉTICA EN AGAVE"He, h
Page 99: HILDE NYBOM!Comparison of different
Page 103 and 104: polymorphic loci and number of poly
Page 106 and 107: 237 plants, 172 accession, 93 micro
Page 108 and 109: each subspecies seems to be!well di
Page 111 and 112: Balsas=*!
Page 113 and 114: Domesticated from parviglumis!More
Page 115 and 116: Proportion of Polymorphic Loci P!1!
Page 117 and 118: Agaves!Expected Heterozygosity H s!
Page 119 and 120: Variación Genética a NivelMolecul
Page 121 and 122: Cloroplasto rbcL,matK, trnL, y dose
Page 123 and 124: Cloroplasto, 3 genes!2128 pb!Natali
Page 125 and 126: Variación !Genética a !Nivel Mole
Page 128: Two basic measure of genetic variat
Page 132 and 133: Another measure is Watterson (1975)
Page 134 and 135: Indirect estimates of Natural!Selec
Page 136 and 137: E. coli...gene sec size(pb) π θ T
Page 138 and 139: Tajima´s D (1983) has some problem
Page 140 and 141: Alcohol dehydrogenase, Adh!Cummings
Page 142: pi en !diferentes!organismos!
Page 145 and 146: pi highest values in red!pi lower v
Page 148 and 149: SNPs de muchos genes!(single nucleo
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SNP!20cromosomas!!cromo. 21!!
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Molecular Ecology (2010) 19, 1162-1
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Genetic signals of origin, spread,
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ly separated clusters, but evidence
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esults strongly suggest that maize
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21 millones !de snps!
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DNA!fósil: Moas, !Dinornis!machos!
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Helix aspersa introducida en 1930!E
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Loshumanostenemosbaja!variacióngen
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Lasespecies!con pocao nula!variaci
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Hobs.!Sitios con mucha variación:
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Secuencias ADN: mismatches, compara
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Deriva Génica (Foose 1986).!!La va
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A mayor N e se mantiene más var. g
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A mayor N se mantiene más var. gen
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!El material genético constituye u
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