4VariacionEvolucion2b copy.pdf - Instituto de Ecología

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Indirect estimates of Natural!Selection using DNA sequences!!Stabilizing or balancing !Eliminates both tails in a distribution.!t!Directional (purifying ifeliminates the product ofmutation) Eliminates one of thetails.!Disruptive ofdiversifying!Eliminates the modalclasses, tail with higherW!or!
Tajima D´s (1983)!Compares the diversity as estimated with the allelic frequenciesaccording to the “nucleotidic diversity (π),with the diversity estimated with the segregating sites, (θ).D= (πθ)/square root (variance(πθ))If π & θ are equal, we are in the neutral conditions, No naturalselection!If positive, suggest diversifying/balancing selection, πlarger than θ, in words, some alleles are more common thanexpected, due to their advantages in W, due to selectionsNegative: Indicates directional or purifying selection, πless than θ: alleles in lower frequencies than expected at random,due to selection eliminating them
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Variación Genética!EVOLUCION!!Dr.
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POPULATION GENETICS (= MICROEVOLUTI
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Gen: unidad de herencia que setrasm
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Genes en autosomas y en cromosomass
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Genetic material at the molecular l
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17% of Arabidopsis genome is in “
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Average length of each gene: 1.9 kb
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Genomes and genetics are morecompli
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VARIACIÓN GENÉTICA:1) EL PRIMER P
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POBLACION IDEAL!!modelo, poblacione
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N individuals!Frequencies de A= p 0
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!Números Frecuencias F. alélicasg
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Equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg!1 = p
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A 1 A 1 =p 2 !A 1 A 2 =2pq!A 2 A 2
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Th. Dobzhansky de sus!experimentos
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Lo contrasta con el !“modelo clá
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Los resultados del programa de inve
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Datos antes de Lewontin!Variación
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Evidencia etnobotánicay botánica
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Bases genética sencilla, !variaci
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Análisis genéticos: !Variación C
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Volume10 × 10 8d40Citogenéticos:
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El genoma en la familia Cucurbitace
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Gong y Lelley (2008) reportan el ma
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Así podemos ver los genes recesivo
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Si el 2o. cromosoma es el 40% del g
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letales, 37%!letales, 55%!Variació
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h 2 heredabilidad sentido restringi
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Ajolote vs salamandra (A. mexicanum
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H esperada en !HW!0 a 1...!
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La variación en poblaciones!natura
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Medidas de variación genética.!Da
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UPGMAD= -ln(I)!I= Jxy/ (JxJy) 1/2!!
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More than 2,200 studies have report
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Marcadoresderivados del PCR:!!AFLPs
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Agave striata ssp. striata!6 popula
Page 83 and 84: Genetic variation (47 loci, 12 popu
Page 85 and 86: More geneticvariation in theNorth!m
Page 87 and 88: Dos especies mezcaleras muycercanas
Page 89 and 90: Mapa
Page 91 and 92: Variación Genética en Agave, espe
Page 93 and 94: Structure: Análsis Bayesiano para
Page 95 and 96: Dendograma UPGMA basando en las dis
Page 97 and 98: VARIACIÓN GENÉTICA EN AGAVE"He, h
Page 99 and 100: HILDE NYBOM!Comparison of different
Page 101 and 102: Ferriol et al. ( 2004) C.moschata,
Page 103 and 104: polymorphic loci and number of poly
Page 106 and 107: 237 plants, 172 accession, 93 micro
Page 108 and 109: each subspecies seems to be!well di
Page 111 and 112: Balsas=*!
Page 113 and 114: Domesticated from parviglumis!More
Page 115 and 116: Proportion of Polymorphic Loci P!1!
Page 117 and 118: Agaves!Expected Heterozygosity H s!
Page 119 and 120: Variación Genética a NivelMolecul
Page 121 and 122: Cloroplasto rbcL,matK, trnL, y dose
Page 123 and 124: Cloroplasto, 3 genes!2128 pb!Natali
Page 125 and 126: Variación !Genética a !Nivel Mole
Page 128: Two basic measure of genetic variat
Page 132 and 133: Another measure is Watterson (1975)
Page 136 and 137: E. coli...gene sec size(pb) π θ T
Page 138 and 139: Tajima´s D (1983) has some problem
Page 140 and 141: Alcohol dehydrogenase, Adh!Cummings
Page 142: pi en !diferentes!organismos!
Page 145 and 146: pi highest values in red!pi lower v
Page 148 and 149: SNPs de muchos genes!(single nucleo
Page 150: SNP!20cromosomas!!cromo. 21!!
Page 153 and 154: Molecular Ecology (2010) 19, 1162-1
Page 155 and 156: Genetic signals of origin, spread,
Page 157 and 158: ly separated clusters, but evidence
Page 159 and 160: esults strongly suggest that maize
Page 161: 21 millones !de snps!
Page 167 and 168: DNA!fósil: Moas, !Dinornis!machos!
Page 169 and 170: Helix aspersa introducida en 1930!E
Page 171 and 172: Loshumanostenemosbaja!variacióngen
Page 174 and 175: Lasespecies!con pocao nula!variaci
Page 176: Hobs.!Sitios con mucha variación:
Page 179 and 180: Secuencias ADN: mismatches, compara
Page 181 and 182: Deriva Génica (Foose 1986).!!La va
Page 183 and 184: A mayor N e se mantiene más var. g
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A mayor N se mantiene más var. gen
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!El material genético constituye u
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