Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis - Computer Science at ...

18 Chap. 1 Data Structures and Algorithmsto write it down, nor implement it as a computer program. Most languages fordescribing algorithms (including English and “pseudocode”) provide someway to perform repeated actions, known as iteration. Examples of iterationin programming languages include the while and for loop constructs ofJava. Iteration allows for short descriptions, with the number of steps actuallyperformed controlled by the input.5. It must terminate. In other words, it may not go into an infinite loop.Programs: We often think of a computer program as an instance, or concreterepresentation, of an algorithm in some programming language. In this book,nearly all of the algorithms are presented in terms of programs, or parts of programs.Naturally, there are many programs that are instances of the same algorithm,because any modern computer programming language can be used to implementthe same collection of algorithms (although some programming languagescan make life easier for the programmer). To simplify presentation, I often usethe terms “algorithm” and “program” interchangeably, despite the fact that they arereally separate concepts. By definition, an algorithm must provide sufficient detailthat it can be converted into a program when needed.The requirement that an algorithm must terminate means that not all computerprograms meet the technical definition of an algorithm. Your operating system isone such program. However, you can think of the various tasks for an operating system(each with associated inputs and outputs) as individual problems, each solvedby specific algorithms implemented by a part of the operating system program, andeach one of which terminates once its output is produced.To summarize: A problem is a function or a mapping of inputs to outputs.An algorithm is a recipe for solving a problem whose steps are concrete and unambiguous.Algorithms must be correct, of finite length, and must terminate for allinputs. A program is an instantiation of an algorithm in a programming language.1.5 Further ReadingAn early authoritative work on data structures and algorithms was the series ofbooks The Art of Computer Programming by Donald E. Knuth, with Volumes 1and 3 being most relevant to the study of data structures [Knu97, Knu98]. A modernencyclopedic approach to data structures and algorithms that should be easyto understand once you have mastered this book is Algorithms by Robert Sedgewick[Sed11]. For an excellent and highly readable (but more advanced) teachingintroduction to algorithms, their design, and their analysis, see Introduction to Algorithms:A Creative Approach by Udi Manber [Man89]. For an advanced, encyclopedicapproach, see Introduction to Algorithms by Cormen, Leiserson, andRivest [CLRS09]. Steven S. Skiena’s The Algorithm Design Manual [Ski10] pro-