(Volume 4) - Mental Health Disorders - Vula - University of Cape Town

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esteem; anxiety about safety and hygiene; lack of control over maintenance ;and fear of crime (Jané-Lopis et al, 2005; Saegert and Evans, 2003).Table 8 below indicates other housing factors that have been associated withmental health outcomes in observational studies.Table 8: Housing factors found to impacton mental health from observational studiesVariable Effect on mental health Moderators of effectHousing tenureHousing relocationOvercrowdingHome-sharingHousing costsHome-owners have better MHthan renters (Thomson et al2003)Involuntary relocationassociated with loss of socialcapital, poor socio-emotionaldevelopment of children(Thomson et al 2003; Evans etal 2003)Overcrowding may beassociated with poorer mentalhealth depending on thepresence of other moderatorsBeneficial for the elderly,disabled, single parents(Ahretzen 2003)Unaffordable housing cancontribute to psychologicallydistress (Thomson et al 2003)Except where bondrepaymentsareunaffordable(Thomson et al 2003)• Nature ofrelationships andpersonalities in thehousehold (Halpern1995)• Design of the house(Ahretzen 2003)• Type of housing(worse in multidwellingunits)(Evans et al 2003)Socio-economic groupFindings in several studies highlight that those who a lot of time at home aremost vulnerable to the mental health effects of poor housing (Howden-Chapman, 2004). According to Evans et al (2003:495) —… sufficient evidence exists to claim that housing does matter forpsychological health. This is particularly true for low-income familieswith young children.33
Conclusion‣ The Western Cape can expect to see mass rapid urbanisation withincreased demands for housing and infrastructure.‣ There is strong evidence that shows housing matters for mentalhealth. Both housing type and housing quality impact onpsychological health, social connectedness, crime and childdevelopment.‣ Women with young children and the unemployed are mostvulnerable to the effects of housing.1.2 Neighbourhood built-environment interventionsSeveral authors have noted that improving housing alone is insufficient toimprove health and that one must also consider the effects of the built andsocial environment at the level of the neighbourhood (Howden-Chapman,2004; Evans et al, 2003; Catalano & Kessell, 2003). As Saegert and Evans(2003:578) note -Resource-poor residents located in places with poor housing, poorschools and services, and socially fragmented neighbourhoods would belikely to experience ill health, lower levels of education and occupationalattainment, and, over time, less access to resources and choices.This assertion is confirmed by the finding that families who have relocated tosimilar housing types in a middle-class area showed greater improvements inmental health than their counterparts who moved to a low-income area(Evans et al, 2003; Truong and Mai, 2006). Since the social environment ofthe neighbourhood is dealt with elsewhere in this report, this sectionconsiders only the impact of the neighbourhood’s built environment onpsychological and social health.Interventions typically take the form of community renewal or regeneration,targeting various aspects of the built and social environments ofdisadvantaged neighbourhoods. Evaluations of these interventions tend to bein the form of before-and-after studies, which have consistently shownimprovements in mental health (Howden-Chapman, 2004; Thomson et al,2003; VicHealth, 2004). Other reported benefits include: a reduced sense ofisolation and fear of crime; an increased sense of belonging; increasedcommunity involvement; greater recognition of neighbours; and an improvedview of the area as a place to live (Thomson et al, 2003).An example is provided by the Neighbourhood Renewal Project, run bythe Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), in which the mostdisadvantaged communities in Victoria were allocated resources for improvinghousing, jobs, health and services, and towards reducing levels of crime. Theprogramme utilises a community-development approach, wherebycommunities collaborate with government and business to achieve the aims ofthe project. The specific nature of the neighbourhood-renewal interventionsdiffered according to the area in question and included: improving securitymeasures; refurbishing houses; landscaping; job creation; and community34
Page 1 and 2: Western Cape Burden of DiseaseReduc
Page 3 and 4: AcknowledgementsAuthorsDr Joanne Co
Page 5 and 6: illion a year. When the further cos
Page 7 and 8: Table 2: Percentage contribution of
Page 9 and 10: I Multiple Deprivation1. Improve ac
Page 11 and 12: 11.Evaluate and support Non-Governm
Page 13 and 14: interventions. More broadly, the su
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2: An example of how interve
Page 17 and 18: The aim of the Mental Health Workgr
Page 19 and 20: Why mental health is necessary: the
Page 21 and 22: Medical Research Council/ UNISA. (2
Page 23 and 24: FindingsWhile the findings of the r
Page 25 and 26: The literature review also identifi
Page 27 and 28: Table 7: Selection criteria with re
Page 29 and 30: Cape Province. Furthermore, such an
Page 31 and 32: On the other hand, the Provincial G
Page 33: the quality of building materials,
Page 37 and 38: association and the evidence on the
Page 39 and 40: Figure 7: The relationship between
Page 41 and 42: The Michigan Prevention Research Ce
Page 43 and 44: y 11-34% (Ficano et al, 2006). This
Page 45 and 46: through the stresses associated wit
Page 47 and 48: ‣ an insufficient recognition of
Page 49 and 50: ‣ Community buy-in and participat
Page 51 and 52: understand the relationship between
Page 53 and 54: ‣ Ensure ongoing training and sup
Page 55 and 56: Evans, G.W., Wells, N.M., Moch, A.
Page 57 and 58: Vic Health.(2007).www.health.vic.go
Page 59 and 60: 1999; Stenius & Veysey, 2005) — a
Page 61 and 62: Collaborating Centre for Mental Hea
Page 63 and 64: Conclusion‣ Some types of early i
Page 65 and 66: ‣ Self-awareness training should
Page 67 and 68: ‣ Non-Governmental Organisations
Page 69 and 70: g) Any disaster plans for the Weste
Page 71 and 72: National Institute of Mental Health
Page 73 and 74: The legal regulation of substances
Page 75 and 76: ‣ Media campaigns are shown to be
Page 77 and 78: 3.1. Social-influence model‣ Emph
Page 79 and 80: Conclusion‣ Reducing the availabi
Page 81 and 82: ‣ Marital and family therapy has
Page 83 and 84: emphasis on broader environmental f
Page 85 and 86:
Table 10: Governmental intervention
Page 87 and 88:
D. RecommendationsThe recommendatio
Page 89 and 90:
Ferri, M., L. Amato, et al. (2006).
Page 91 and 92:
IV. MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES(return t
Page 93 and 94:
Table 12: Categories of mental-heal
Page 95 and 96:
opportunities and rewards for bully
Page 97 and 98:
‣ Culturally appropriate interven
Page 99 and 100:
Some health services in schools are
Page 101 and 102:
2.1. Core features of workplace-bas
Page 103 and 104:
2.3. Existing interventionsWhile th
Page 105 and 106:
to be representative of the general
Page 107 and 108:
• Trauma units and surgery casual
Page 109 and 110:
Similar models may be generated for
Page 111 and 112:
Table 15:. Estimated needs for ment
Page 113 and 114:
D. Recommendations1. School-based m
Page 115 and 116:
Invest in media campaigns that aim
Page 117 and 118:
Browne, G., Gafni, A., Roberts, J.,
Page 119 and 120:
McLoone, J., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee
Page 121 and 122:
for Economic Sciences, economist Ja
Page 123 and 124:
employment, which is protective aga
Page 125 and 126:
turnover, positive and committed at
Page 127 and 128:
only one quarter of the community-b
Page 129 and 130:
Ou, S. & Reynolds, A.J. (2006). "Ea
Page 131 and 132:
leisure significantly predicts posi
Page 133 and 134:
Conclusion‣ There is evidence tha
Page 135 and 136:
Petticrew, 2003). South (2004) repo
Page 137 and 138:
4. Environmental factorsHealthy nei
Page 139 and 140:
• Include non-competitive sports
Page 141 and 142:
Table 17: Recreational activities t
Page 143 and 144:
ReferencesArgyle, E., & Bolton, G.
Page 145 and 146:
Marine, A., Ruotsalainen, J., Serra
Page 147 and 148:
educing falls among elderly people:
Page 149 and 150:
economic opportunities and assets.
Page 151 and 152:
Table 19: The impact of recommended
Page 153 and 154:
V. Implementationi. Integrating int
Page 155 and 156:
programme is first implemented) wit
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 1Literature review of the
Page 159 and 160:
Conclusion: There is strong evidenc
Page 161 and 162:
achievements and successes in the s
Page 163 and 164:
• The built environment influence
Page 165 and 166:
Evidence from cross-sectional surve
Page 167 and 168:
and substance abuse disorders among
Page 169 and 170:
isk for physical ill-health, which
Page 171 and 172:
Conclusion: The evidence demonstrat
Page 173 and 174:
has shown that the most poor are un
Page 175 and 176:
1.9. Transport Back to IndexNo arti
Page 177 and 178:
nine provinces ranging from 0.20-0.
Page 179 and 180:
(Bhugra, 2004). Furthermore, the li
Page 181 and 182:
1.12. Spatial segregation Back to I
Page 183 and 184:
conversely, substance abusers were
Page 185 and 186:
Conclusion: The evidence for urban
Page 187 and 188:
Again, the likelihood is that this
Page 189 and 190:
this instance are (Kaliebe & Sondhe
Page 191 and 192:
2.4. Race Back to IndexA review of
Page 193 and 194:
females 3.8 times as likely to have
Page 195 and 196:
teacher burnout (Hastings & Bham, 2
Page 197 and 198:
2.7. Personal experience of abuse o
Page 199 and 200:
A review of literature in the devel
Page 201 and 202:
studies: one (Dalgard & Tambs, 1997
Page 203 and 204:
Section 10. Human dignitySection 12
Page 205 and 206:
punishment, which explains the effe
Page 207 and 208:
health or social harm (a pattern co
Page 209 and 210:
McKee, Karasz, & Weber (2004) descr
Page 211 and 212:
abuse, HIV related stressors and Ai
Page 213 and 214:
methodological problem of recall bi
Page 215 and 216:
• Maternal substance using during
Page 217 and 218:
childhood to adulthood. While these
Page 219 and 220:
American Psychiatric Association (1
Page 221 and 222:
Bursik, R. (1988). Social disorgani
Page 223 and 224:
De Vries, M. W. & Wilkerson, B. (20
Page 225 and 226:
Funk, M., Saraceno, B., Drew, N., L
Page 227 and 228:
Jin, R., Shah, C., & Svoboda, T. (1
Page 229 and 230:
Leatt, A., Rosa, S., & Hall, K. (20
Page 231 and 232:
Mulvihill, D. (2005). The health im
Page 233 and 234:
Patel, V. & Kleinman, A. (2003). Po
Page 235 and 236:
Rosenheck, R., Dausey, D., Frisman,
Page 237 and 238:
Stukas, A., Dew, M., Switzer, G., D
Page 239 and 240:
Whitaker, R., Phillips, S., & Orzol
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(Volume 4) - Mental Health Disorders - Vula - University of Cape Town

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