<str<strong>on</strong>g>Guidel<strong>in</strong>es</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Preventi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> <strong>in</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> 2010HSE/HPSC℘not need a TST (Mantoux test) prior to receiv<strong>in</strong>g BCG vacc<strong>in</strong>e6F 2256ii. Childr en <strong>in</strong> at-risk envir<strong>on</strong>ments should have a TST (Mantoux test) prior to BCG.3. Unvacc<strong>in</strong>ated (that is without adequate documentati<strong>on</strong> or a characteristic scar) Mantoux negativeimmigrants under 16 years <strong>of</strong> age who were born or who have lived for a prol<strong>on</strong>ged period (atleast three m<strong>on</strong>ths) <strong>in</strong> a high <strong>in</strong>cidence country7F3♦ OR aged 16-35 years from a sub-Saharan Africancountry or country with a TB <strong>in</strong>cidence <strong>of</strong> 500 per 100,000 264. Unvacc<strong>in</strong>ated Mantoux negative c<strong>on</strong>tacts aged 35 years <strong>and</strong> under <strong>of</strong> cases with active pulm<strong>on</strong>aryTB. Children under five years <strong>of</strong> age <strong>in</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tact with smear positive TB should be referred to ac<strong>on</strong>tact trac<strong>in</strong>g cl<strong>in</strong>ic for <strong>in</strong>vestigati<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n immunised with BCG as <strong>in</strong>dicated.5. Members <strong>of</strong> special at-risk groups such as <strong>the</strong> travell<strong>in</strong>g community due to <strong>the</strong> logistical difficulties<strong>of</strong> provid<strong>in</strong>g alternative c<strong>on</strong>trol measures <strong>and</strong> follow up <strong>of</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tacts6. Unvacc<strong>in</strong>ated Mantoux negative pers<strong>on</strong>s under 16 years <strong>of</strong> age <strong>in</strong>tend<strong>in</strong>g to live or work with localpeople <strong>in</strong> high <strong>in</strong>cidence countries for more than <strong>on</strong>e m<strong>on</strong>th 2577. BCG is <strong>in</strong>dicated for unvacc<strong>in</strong>ated healthcare workers (HCWs) aged
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Guidel<strong>in</strong>es</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Preventi<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tuberculosis</strong> <strong>in</strong> Irel<strong>and</strong> 2010HSE/HPSC7.6 Interacti<strong>on</strong>sAdm<strong>in</strong>istrati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> blood or plasma transfusi<strong>on</strong>s, hepatitis B vacc<strong>in</strong>e, hepatitis B immunoglobul<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> normalimmunoglobul<strong>in</strong> are thought not to reduce <strong>the</strong> effectiveness <strong>of</strong> BCG vacc<strong>in</strong>e. 258-261 A baby who has receivedblood or plasma transfusi<strong>on</strong>s can be subsequently immunised with BCG, after <strong>the</strong> observati<strong>on</strong> period(24 hours) for transfusi<strong>on</strong> reacti<strong>on</strong>s has ended. A baby who has received hepatitis B vacc<strong>in</strong>e, hepatitis Bimmunoglobul<strong>in</strong> or normal human immunoglobul<strong>in</strong> can be subsequently immunised with BCG withoutdelay.7.7 Adm<strong>in</strong>istrati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong> BCG Vacc<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong>Detailed <strong>in</strong>structi<strong>on</strong>s are available <strong>in</strong> chapter 2 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Immunisati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Guidel<strong>in</strong>es</str<strong>on</strong>g> for Irel<strong>and</strong> available atwww.immunisati<strong>on</strong>.ie <strong>and</strong> also <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Staten Serum Institut (Denmark) website atwww.ssi.dk/sw4145.asp.7.8 Immunisati<strong>on</strong> Reacti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> Care <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Immunisati<strong>on</strong> SiteThe expected reacti<strong>on</strong> to a successful BCG vacc<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> seen <strong>in</strong> 90-95% <strong>of</strong> recipients is <strong>in</strong>durati<strong>on</strong> at <strong>the</strong><strong>in</strong>jecti<strong>on</strong> site followed by a local lesi<strong>on</strong> which starts as a papule two or more weeks after vacc<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong>. It mayulcerate <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n slowly subside over several weeks or m<strong>on</strong>ths to heal leav<strong>in</strong>g a small flat scar. It may also<strong>in</strong>clude enlargement <strong>of</strong> a regi<strong>on</strong>al lymph node to less than 1cm.It is not necessary to protect <strong>the</strong> site from becom<strong>in</strong>g wet dur<strong>in</strong>g wash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> bath<strong>in</strong>g. The ulcer shouldbe encouraged to dry <strong>and</strong> abrasi<strong>on</strong> (for example by tight clo<strong>the</strong>s) avoided. Should any ooz<strong>in</strong>g occur atemporary dry dress<strong>in</strong>g may be used until a scab forms. It is essential that air is not excluded. If absolutelynecessary (e.g. to allow swimm<strong>in</strong>g), an impervious dress<strong>in</strong>g may be applied but <strong>on</strong>ly for a short period as itmay delay heal<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> cause a larger scar.Fur<strong>the</strong>r observati<strong>on</strong> after rout<strong>in</strong>e vacc<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> with BCG is not necessary, o<strong>the</strong>r than as part <strong>of</strong> m<strong>on</strong>itor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> programme, nor is fur<strong>the</strong>r tubercul<strong>in</strong> test<strong>in</strong>g recommended.Severe <strong>in</strong>jecti<strong>on</strong> site reacti<strong>on</strong>s, large discharg<strong>in</strong>g ulcers, abscesses <strong>and</strong> keloid scarr<strong>in</strong>g are most comm<strong>on</strong>lycaused by faulty <strong>in</strong>jecti<strong>on</strong> technique, excessive dosage or vacc<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividuals who are tubercul<strong>in</strong>positive. It is essential that all healthcare pr<strong>of</strong>essi<strong>on</strong>als be properly tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> all aspects <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> process<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> tubercul<strong>in</strong> sk<strong>in</strong> tests <strong>and</strong> BCG vacc<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong>.7.9 Adverse Reacti<strong>on</strong>sLocal: Side effects <strong>in</strong>clude local <strong>in</strong>durati<strong>on</strong>, pa<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> occasi<strong>on</strong>ally ulcerati<strong>on</strong>, enlargement <strong>of</strong> a regi<strong>on</strong>allymph node greater than 1cm, abscess formati<strong>on</strong>, lupoid reacti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>flammatory <strong>and</strong> suppurativeadenitis. 109General: Headache, fever <strong>and</strong> generalised lymphadenopathy can rarely occur (<strong>in</strong> less than <strong>on</strong>e <strong>in</strong> 1,500vacc<strong>in</strong>ated). Anaphylactic reacti<strong>on</strong> <strong>and</strong> dissem<strong>in</strong>ated BCG complicati<strong>on</strong>s (such as osteitis, osteomyelitis ordissem<strong>in</strong>ated BCG <strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong>) are also very rare. Dissem<strong>in</strong>ated BCG <strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong> occurs <strong>in</strong> approximately twoper <strong>on</strong>e milli<strong>on</strong> pers<strong>on</strong>s, primarily <strong>in</strong> pers<strong>on</strong>s with severely impaired immune systems. 1091Management <strong>of</strong> adverse reacti<strong>on</strong>sLocal adverse reacti<strong>on</strong>s to BCG vacc<strong>in</strong>e occur <strong>in</strong> 1-2% <strong>of</strong> immunisati<strong>on</strong>s. Severe local reacti<strong>on</strong>s (ulcerati<strong>on</strong>greater than 10mm, caseous lesi<strong>on</strong>s, abscesses or dra<strong>in</strong>age at <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>jecti<strong>on</strong> site) or regi<strong>on</strong>al suppurativelymphadenitis with dra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>uses follow<strong>in</strong>g BCG vacc<strong>in</strong>ati<strong>on</strong> should be discussed with a respiratoryphysician or c<strong>on</strong>sultant paediatrician. 255Most experts do not recommend treatment <strong>of</strong> dra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g sk<strong>in</strong> lesi<strong>on</strong>s or chr<strong>on</strong>ic suppurative lymphadenitiscaused by BCG vacc<strong>in</strong>e because sp<strong>on</strong>taneous resoluti<strong>on</strong> occurs <strong>in</strong> most cases. Large needle aspirati<strong>on</strong> <strong>of</strong>suppurative lymph nodes may hasten resoluti<strong>on</strong>. There is little evidence to support <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> ei<strong>the</strong>r locally<strong>in</strong>stilled anti-mycobacterial agents or systemic treatment <strong>of</strong> patients with severe persistent lesi<strong>on</strong>s.-92-