Final Technical Report - ACP Fish II

"Strengthening Fisheries Management inACP Countries"Final Technical ReportTraining for Fisheries ManagementPlanning in EthiopiaCU/PE/UG/10/007EthiopiaApril 2011A project implemented by:Project Funded by the European Union“This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. Thecontents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Cardno Emerging Markets(UK) Ltd and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.”“The content of this document does not necessarily reflect the views of the concerned governments”

Table of ContentsTraining for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportSectionPageAcknowledgements .............................................................................................. iiAbbreviations ....................................................................................................... iiExecutive Summary .............................................................................................. 11 Introduction............................................................................................ 32 Comments on the ToRs ........................................................................... 33 Organisation and Methodology ................................................................. 44 Description of Activities ........................................................................... 64.1 Briefings and Courtesy Calls ................................................................................... 64.2 Document Review ................................................................................................. 64.3 Training Needs Assessment ................................................................................... 74.4 Development of FMP Training Modules and Pilot Testing ....................................... 114.5 FMP Training Workshop ....................................................................................... 124.6 Development of FMP and Validation ..................................................................... 125 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................ 136 References ........................................................................................... 14AnnexesAnnex 1.Annex 2.Annex 3.Annex 4.Annex 5.Annex 6.Annex 7.Annex 8.Annex 9.Annex 10.Annex 11.Terms of ReferenceProgramme and People MetTraining and Assessment ChecklistTNA MatrixTraining ModulesTraining Workshop ParticipantsWorkshop TimetableTraining Evaluation ResultsLake Chamo Fisheries Management PlanLake Ziway Fisheries Management PlanFMP Validation Meeting ParticipantsP a g e | iProject funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAcknowledgementsThe consultants would like to thank Edmealem Shitaye and Hussein Abegaz of the AgriculturalExtension Directorate of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture for their support and guidance during themission. Thanks and appreciation also goes to Laloto Sadore, Regional Fishery Expert, SNNPRSRegion for helping the team on all fronts during their stay in Hawassa. Mention must also be made ofthe excellent support and co-operation received from Bulbula Regassa of Oromia Region and BimrewTadesse of SNNPRS during fieldwork and training. The consultants are also grateful for the interestand enthusiasm of the training workshop participants and the assistance received from all those metduring the mission.AbbreviationsACPEUFMPGoELVFOMoARVLSWOTTNATorsUKSNNPRSAfrican, Caribbean and Pacific States (Lomé Convention IV)European UnionFishery Management PlanGovernment of EthiopiaLake Victoria Fisheries OrganisationMinistry of AgricultureRift Valley lakeStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and ThreatsTraining Needs AssessmentTerms of referenceUnited KingdomSouthern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional StateThe contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the policy or official position of theSecretariat of the ACP Group of States or the European Commission.P a g e | iiProject funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportExecutive SummaryIn 2009 the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) expressed to the ACP Fish II programme a desire forsupport to help introduce improved fisheries management and a more co-management styleapproach to the management of the country’s fisheries. This report describes the ACP Fish II Project« Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia » assignment, which was a response to thatrequest. The 30 day mission took place from 15 March to 21 April 2011In accordance with the tors, the bulk of the mission (75%) was devoted to a TNA, workshop andtraining preparation and implementation. A further 20% of time was allocated to the development oftwo draft case study FMPs, including two validation meetings with key stakeholders.The results of the TNA were used to design a participatory workshop process and guide thedevelopment of training modules and materials. Issues raised during the TNA such as priorities ofsenior government fishery officers and influencing factors which could assist or hinder the uptake ofFMPs and training, were reflected in the FMPs produced as outputs by the mission.A seven day training workshop was held in Hawassa for 13 fishery officers, from Oromia, SNNPRSand Ahmara Regions. The trainees were taken through the key stages of FMP development and“learnt by doing”. A set of training modules was developed which could be used by the trainees, orothers, in future. Technical information discussed during the workshop was used to help developFMPs for Lake Ziway and Lake Chamo, which are seen as the most overexploited and yetcommercially important RVLs. The draft FMPs are working documents which require furtherdevelopment and discussion. They reflect a precautionary approach to future management andpromote a co-management system which mirrors the government administrative structure. They alsoreflect and highlight the lack of information on stocks, fishing effort and socio-economic data. Thedraft FMPs were discussed at validation meetings towards the end of the mission and are now at thestage where government should present the ideas and proposed measures and co-managementapproach to a wider audience of stakeholders including the resource users. Implementation of theFMPs was beyond the scope of this mission, but is something which needs to moved forward eitherby government or with outside support such as from the ACP Fish II programme and any otherinterested donors.It is recommended that the template for the FMPs be used by the trainees representing LakesTana, Abaya and Hawassa to develop similar FMPs for those fisheries.It is recommended that the MoA and Regional governments carry out a wider consultation processwith resource users and other key stakeholder groups regarding the draft FMPs with a view toimplementing the plans as soon as possible. The Action Plans contained in the FMPs should be usedto guide the immediate necessary next steps.P a g e | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportP a g e | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report1 IntroductionIn 2008, the fish catch in Ethiopia was approximately 17,000 tons. The bulk of which (74%)originated from the six main lakes (Tana, Ziway, Langano, Awassa, Abaya and Chamo) and a further26% from other water bodies. As fish potential is estimated at 45,000–51,500 tons per year,according to several sources, less than 38% of this potential is currently exploited, demonstratingconsiderable room for expansion through proper management. However, the sector suffers from:Environmentally unsustainable and illegal fishing practices (such as small mesh size nets,seeds and plants to intoxicate the fish);Low participation of the fishing communities in fisheries management;Lack of information on most water bodies and their catch and potential, given that nosystematic fish stock assessment has been carried out so far;Limited institutional, technical and financial capacity, especially in the areas of resourcemonitoring, control and surveillance, planning and coordination of activities;Low research and development capacities.In 2009 the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) expressed to the ACP Fish II programme a desire forsupport to help introduce improved fisheries management and a more co-management styleapproach to the management of the country’s fisheries. This report describes the ACP Fish II Project« Training for Fisheries Management Planning in Ethiopia » assignment, which was a response to thatrequest. Working closely with fisheries staff from the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Oromia Regionand SNNPRS (Southern) Region the consultants (Key Expert 1 and 2) undertook a document review,training needs assessment (TNA), prepared and delivered a 7 day fisheries management planningtraining workshop in Hawasa and then finalised the drafts of two case study fisheries managementplans (FMP) as key outputs from the mission. The terms of reference (ToR) for the assignment aregiven in Annex 1.The mission took place from 15 March to 21 April 2011 and the consultants were contracted byCardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd. A detailed itinerary for the 30 day period, including the peoplemet, is presented in Annex 2. The main text of the report presents the context of the mission, themethodology used, a description of the activities carried out and conclusions and recommendations.2 Comments on the ToRsThe objectives and scope of work are clearly defined in the terms of reference and the necessaryrequirement for a more collaborative/co-management approach to fisheries management is clear.Some specific comments are:At the beginning of the mission the MoA requested the consultants develop 2 FMPs: for Lake Chamoand Lake Ziway. The idea of developing two FMPs was not clear from the tors. There was also arequest to increase the number of trainees attending the workshop from 10. The consultantsendeavoured to satisfy the MoA requests by drafting two FMPs and training 13 fishery officers.Key to the development of an effective fisheries management plan (FMP) for the target fisheries isthe availability of relevant data and information on the fisheries, including stock assessment data. Theterms of reference highlight that there is a lack of such information and limited research anddevelopment capacities to rectify this problem in the near future. Efforts have been made during themission to collate as much available information as possible and Key Expert 2 has a significantcollection of information on Ethiopian fisheries that was referred to. Efforts were made during thetraining workshop to include primary data from participants into the FMP development process andP a g e | 3Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportthe workshop invitation letter asked for certain data to be collected in readiness forthe workshop. Despite these efforts, it is clear that certain key data is lacking and this is reflected inthe FMPs and the Action Plans included in them.The issue of low participation of fishing communities in fisheries management is given as a factoraffecting the implementation of proper fisheries management. The activities and approach usedduring the mission aimed at addressing this issue by introducing a more participatory and comanagementapproach to fisheries management. MoA officials expressed a desire to focus the FMPon a co-management approach to implementation and this was factored into the training workshop.The limited institutional, technical and financial capacity, especially in the areas of resourcemonitoring, control and surveillance, planning and coordination will have a significant bearing on theability of management stakeholders to successfully implement any FMP. Changing this will require thepolitical will to safeguard fisheries through proper management. See the TNA section for furtherdetails.A variety of management measures are available to fisheries managers for inclusion in an FMP andeach has different implications for the results of an FMP and also in terms of the fishers and otherinterest groups relying on the fishery for their livelihoods. Typical management measures includethose related to the control of fish mortality through measures such as fishing gear restrictions,control of fishing effort, area and time restrictions, licensing, quotas, as well as enhancement offisheries production through restocking. To a certain extent the Agricultural Development andTransformation Plan outlines already some of the management measures to be considered or adoptedas does EU/MoA (1997). Some of these measures such as licensing are specified in the Federal FishUtilization Proclamation (GoE 2003).Under normal circumstances fisheries policy stipulates the broad directions and priorities regardingthe utilization of aquatic resources. The policy is used to guide the focus of fishery managementplans. At the moment it would appear there is no set formal development policy for the fishery sectorin Ethiopia, consequently the fisheries management plan will rather be guided by focus provided bysenior management authority officials during the early stages of the contract and the Federal FishUtilization Proclamation.An important aspect of fisheries management is the identification of alternative livelihoods for thosewho, because of changes in management practice, may become excluded from the fishery.Authorities should be prepared to recognize that it is likely that there will need to be some exclusionof people from the sector in order to control fishing effort and the level of resource exploitation. Tocompensate for this will require the creation of alternative livelihoods for those excluded.During the early stages of the mission some errors were observed in the original terms of reference.The target fisheries are located in two, rather than one, regional administration: Oromia Region andSNNPRS. The lakes are not 10 to 50km apart, which would have made fieldwork relativelystraightforward bearing in mind the time available for the mission, but 10 to 250 km apart. Thismeant more travel time during the TNA period and rather less opportunity for pilot testing trainingmaterials and practical fieldwork during the training workshop.3 Organisation and MethodologyAs per the terms of reference in Annex 1 the main activities for the overall assignment were to be:i. Briefing by the ACP Fish II;ii.Document review and training workshop module preparation;iii. Courtesy calls in Addis Ababa and consultation meetings in Hawasa with the FisheriesAdministration and other key stakeholders;P a g e | 4Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportiv.Training needs assessment (TNA);v. Design and adaptation of fisheries management planning training module (based onTNA);vi. Make all the logistical arrangements to complete the training itself;vii. Delivery and evaluation of 7-day training workshop;viii. Review and develop one Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) during the training as a casestudy;ix. FMP draft validation with the Fisheries Administration and other key stakeholders;x. Preparation of the required reports.A work plan for the assignment was finalised during the early stages of the mission and issummarised in Table 1 and reflected in Annex 2.Table 1: Scheduling of ActivitiesActivitiesTimingStage 1 Courtesy calls, TNA, document review, preparation for workshop Days 1 to 15Stage 2 Training workshop, FMP development and validation Days 15 to 30During Stage I a document review was undertaken and used to help develop and implement atraining needs assessment (TNA). The document review drew on available information either in thepossession of the consultants or collected during meetings with key stakeholders. Information fromthe document review is included in the draft FMPs.The TNA approach used during the mission was influenced by the guidance given in the LVFO HRDstrategy (LVFO 2006) document and training needs assessment guidance from Donovan & Townsend(2005). The main focus of the TNA was to identify the management priorities for the sector, the moredetailed needs of different stakeholders, but especially the fisheries officers that would attend thetraining workshop and draft learning objectives that would be used to inform the training modulesand materials development.A checklist to guide the TNA process was developed (Annex 3) and discussed with the MoA. A seriesof meetings and field visits was organised in conjunction with the MoA to the Oromia and SouthernRegions where interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including target beneficiaries, andobservations made of fisheries management practices. These interviews and visits were undertaken inconjunction with MoA officials from the Federal and regional administrations and the discussionsguided by the TNA checklist (Annex 3). The results of the interviews and visits were used to developa TNA summary matrix (Annex 4).A 7 day training workshop was then organised and training modules and materials developed.Fisheries officers from Oromia, Southern and Amhara Regions participated in the workshop which washeld in Hawassa. The workshop combined training in fisheries management planning with thedevelopment of draft FMPs. The workshop outputs were developed further following the workshopand the FMPs were presented and discussed with key stakeholders at validation meetings beforebeing finalised.The consultant team provided a mix of training design and delivery skills and experience, experienceof participatory approaches to development and an in-depth knowledge and long-term experience ofP a g e | 5Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportEthiopian fisheries and the management of these. As Key Expert 2 was an Ethiopiannational, some fieldwork discussions and training facilitation took place in Amharic.Consultations were conducted with MoA and key government stakeholders as an on-going process toensure that the training content, learning objectives and FMP were acceptable to the needs of thecountry. The possibility of setting up an FMP management team involving senior managers and keystakeholders from the fisheries sector was explored and terms of reference for this group weredrafted and sent to the MoA for further action.4 Description of ActivitiesThis section provides an overview of the various different activities undertaken as per the terms ofreference.4.1 Briefings and Courtesy CallsA briefing with the MoA and ACP Fish II Regional Coordinator was held on March 16 th in Addis Ababa.It was suggested during the briefing by the MoA that two FMPs be developed. Courtesy calls werethen conducted and combined with the TNA process which involved meetings and discussions withkey stakeholders in Addis Ababa, Oromia and Southern Regions. These meetings enabled theconsultants to raise awareness of the objectives and the nature of the work, solicit key stakeholdersviews and ideas as well as provide an opportunity to collect further data to help the FMP developmentprocess (see Annex 2). The outline design of the training workshop was also discussed. Terms ofreference were drawn up for an FMP advisory group who would be a reference point for theconsultants during the implementation of activities. The tors were forwarded to the MoA to identifythe group members.4.2 Document ReviewA key aspect of an FMP is presenting an understanding of the fishery concerned including biologicalinformation, past and current management and a stakeholder analysis as well as situation analysis.To assist with this a review of available secondary data was made as an initial activity during themission. The review developed an understanding of key issues and helped identify gaps in knowledgeand set the scene for primary data collection through key stakeholder consultations and during theFMP training development workshop. The document review contributed to the understanding of thefollowing:Synthesis of national policy documents related to fisheries management in Ethiopia.Set of lessons learnt from related fisheries management examples.Fisheries management measures and approaches used within Ethiopia.Overview of the target fisheries including ecology, biological characteristics of the stocks,productivity levels, stock assessment, existing management systems, the nature of existingfisheries activities related to stock exploitation etc.Stakeholder analysis.SWOT considering biological, ecological, social and economic factors.The document review was presented in the Interim Technical Report submitted by the consultantsand information from it was subsequently incorporated into the draft FMPs for Lake Chamo andZiway.P a g e | 6Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report4.3 Training Needs AssessmentA training needs assessment was carried out to identify knowledge, skills and attitudes required byfishery officers and other key stakeholders to be involved in the FMP training workshop. This sectionof the report summarises the results of the TNA process which was guided by the checklist in Annex3. The results here were used to help finalize the design of the training workshop and modules andsome issues have been used to inform the two draft FMPs. More detailed information is presented inthe TNA matrix (Annex 4).4.3.1 PrioritiesIn order to help focus the training on the long term development objectives of the sector, discussionswere held with those responsible for overall or higher-level fisheries management decision making,planning and implementation. The aim was to identify the future priorities or long-term objectivesthey have, particularly in regard to fisheries management and the skills and knowledge of fisheriesofficers. The priorities are summarised as follows including the relevant stakeholder group fromwhich the information came:Fisheries and other proclamations to be applied (Research, trader’s organisation).Management strategies applied immediately especially measures related to mesh size, geartype, closed areas, closed seasons (MoA, Research, trader’s org, Cooperatives).Licensing of fishermen implemented (MoA, trader’s organisation).Number of fishermen reduced (MoA).More fisheries officers at zonal and district levels (MoA).Policymakers are aware of the importance of fisheries and the need for serious managementof the resources (MoA).Prevent open access (Research, trader’s organisation).Systematic data collection in place (Research).Control environmental impacts of industry, agriculture, deforestation (MoA, Research,Cooperatives).Awareness raising of zonal and woreda policy makers on the problems faced (Research).Awareness raising of all stakeholders on co-management (Research).Prevent new entrants being encouraged into fishery (Ziway Agric Bureau).New fisheries officers have proper fisheries science educational level and background (MoA).Improved government collaboration and coordination (Cooperative, Research).In theory, the training and implementation of the FMP developed by the mission should contributedirectly or indirectly to the achievement of all of these priorities. To a large extent these prioritiesidentified during the TNA are also reflected in the FMPs.P a g e | 7Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report4.3.2 ExpectationsA key step in the TNA was to clarify who the beneficiaries of the training are and what they do (tasks)and are expected to do well (See Annex 4). Once the tasks have been clarified it is then possible toset performance goals or expectations for stakeholders related to the tasks they perform. Theperformance goals help identify what needs to change and who needs to change in terms of skills,knowledge, attitude and behaviour. These are then used to guide the learning objectives. From theterms of reference (Annex 1), the principal target group of this mission were identified as fisheriesofficers. In conjunction with the MoA, it was agreed that the training workshop would be for fisheriesofficers from the federal, regional (Oromia, SNNPRS, Ahmara), zonal and district (woreda) levels aswell as representatives from fisheries research institutions. Whilst this made the design of trainingmore complicated, the mix of participants from these different levels of government and withdifferent decision making responsibilities enhanced the training workshop discussions and the FMPdevelopment process.In terms of the skills and knowledge related to fisheries management that fisheries officers require,the response from MoA was that training should ensure that the participants are equipped with theknowledge and skills to promote a co-management approach to fisheries management within thelocal context. In response the training workshop included a co-management module and the FMPsincorporate a co-management approach to implementation.4.3.3 InfluencesWhether training is successful and new skills and knowledge can be applied, attitudes or behaviourchanged depends not just on the quality of the training but also on a variety of other factors whichneed to be understood as part of an assessment process. These influencing factors are broken downinto those which will help training to be successful and those which will hinder the uptake andsuccess of the training. The key issues identified are summarised below and shown in Annex 4.Issues which were identified and that can assist in the uptake and adoption of training and an FMPinclude:fisheries cooperative's exist in most fisheries and have the potential to participate in a comanagementarrangement with government;cooperatives have bylaws and these could be developed to cover fisheries managementissues;some cooperative members understand the need for fishery management measures such asgear restrictions, closed seasons and environmental protection;the Oromia regional government are prepared to allocate resources to ensure the results ofthe consultancy are applied;federal level move to increase extension staff numbers;lessons and outputs from kebele fisheries management approach on Lake Tana could be usedto inform work on other rift valley lakes; presence of kebele at community level could help implement managementmeasures/directives;local government funding to support co-management maybe available through kebele;fisheries management legislation in place in some areas and environmental protectionlegislation;regional government has ability to implement FMP;P a g e | 8Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report training materials/manual available after the training for on-going training andawareness raising.Issues which could hinder the effectiveness of training and implementation of an FMP were identifiedand include:lack of follow-up and monitoring by government;transfer of staff from fisheries to other sectors and between geographical areas;trained fisheries staff move to better funded positions either within government or to othersectors;fisheries is not given enough priority at the higher political levels and hence sufficientresources are not allocated to management activities e.g. few extension staff, fisheriesofficers lack transport to monitor and implement existing legislation, office facilities;low levels of motivation amongst staff (lack of promotional prospects, low salary, risk oftransfer, no fisheries background);in some areas there is no legal framework to support fisheries management;enforcement of management legislation can lead to physical and verbal abuse of fisheryofficers;zonal level fisheries officers given other responsibilities other than fisheries – not full timefisheries staff;cooperatives weak and may not be able to effectively participate in co-management;weak relationship between fisheries extension and research;weak relationship between fisheries and cooperative department;lack of stock assessment data;poor coordination amongst different institutions both sectorally and geographically makingoverall management of a lake difficult;conflicts between fisheries stakeholders, fisheries stakeholders and government/parks andwithin local fishery cooperatives;fisheries not well represented in existing multi-stakeholder coordination processes;fisheries officers/MoA advice on management measures not heeded by other governmentdepartments;lack of enforcement of legislation to protect lake and catchment area from degradation(pollution, land encroachment, deforestation).4.3.4 SolutionsFor those factors which hinder the uptake of training, the assessment process has tried to identifypotential solutions which should be considered by those responsible. The solutions would appearmainly to lie in the hands of the government which is the resource owner, but has not succeeded yetin implementing existing management measures. The reasons for this appear complex, but certainlyP a g e | 9Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportcommitting budget and manpower resources to ensure proper monitoring, motivation,and extension is carried out as well as the proper implementation of directives will go a long way tosolving many of the issues which are likely to hinder the application and uptake of outputs from themission. Another key issue is coordination across sectors, geographical areas and institutions at alllevels in order to have a coherent management approach which encompasses the needs of differentstakeholders and addresses the environmental impacts of resources and conflicts between resourceusers and managers. Again this is something that must be led by government. These ideas have beenincorporated into the FMPs and are highlighted in the Action Plans.4.3.5 Non-TrainingThe assessment process also aimed to identify ways in which the training needs can be addressedthrough ways other than running training workshops. This is useful as it can help determinealternative ways in which key messages and skills required can be transmitted to fisheries officers andother key stakeholders. Some of these non-training initiatives may be more cost-effective and reachmore people more easily than a training workshop. Ideas for non-training capacity building initiativesinclude:awareness raising on topics covered in the training during regular government, cooperativemeetings;large posters depicting key messages using pictures and images and local language that canbe displayed at landing sites and cooperatives;as many people in fishing communities listen to radio, broadcasting messages related tomanagement may reach key stakeholders;drama to entertain and educate whether it be live in the community or films and then shownvia DVD could be used for FMP implementation;fishermen are often not aware of the details of any directives/management measures andhow these are to be applied. Dissemination by fisheries officers could be aided by simpleleaflets/posters outlining the fisheries management measures and legislation and how thesecan be applied.4.3.6 TrainingThe TNA reflected on the type of training that may best suit the FMP training for fisheries officers,although to a certain extent this has been set by the terms of reference, as a 7 day workshop for 10participants. It is anticipated that the training will focus on key fisheries management concepts andthe development of a draft FMP with a co-management emphasis.The training workshop will consist of a mix of theory, plenary discussion, working group sessions,case studies and hopefully fieldwork. A draft training workshop plan was designed and presented tokey stakeholders.4.3.7 Learning ObjectivesUsing the performance goals as a guide, a series of learning objectives has been set, where possibleusing the SAS approach:Situation: what situation will the fishery officers be in when they need to perform the taskskilfully?Action:what will they be able to do specifically after the training session is over?Standard: some measure by which they will be able to judge success.P a g e | 10Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportLearning objectives (see Annex 4) are a reflection of the discussions, observationsduring field visits and the contents of recent training materials used for training in the region. Theselearning objectives were used to guide the outline plan for the workshop training modules.4.3.8 AuditIn order to understand what training needs to focus on to achieve the learning objectives the currentlevels of knowledge and skills of fisheries officers were assessed as much as possible throughdiscussion, observation and document review. One of the major gaps identified was related to theunderstanding of co-management and how this can be applied in a fisheries context. It wasconcluded that very little fisheries management planning training had taken place, with the exceptionof a comprehensive plan produced by the Lake Fisheries Development project Phase II (EU/MoA1997). This highlights the catch limits and management measures proposed for several lakes, whichin the absence of more up to date information, was used to inform the FMP produced during themission.4.4 Development of FMP Training Modules and Pilot TestingFollowing the TNA, a draft training workshop plan was prepared and then presented to keystakeholders for validation. The general content of the workshop was agreed as:Introduction.What is an FMP – overview of FMP purpose, content and development process.What is the situation now – group work to develop overview of fisheries, stakeholder analysisand SWOT analysis.Where are we going – purpose, goals, management objectives, management approach.Management measures – discussion and agreement on appropriate measures.Co-management approach – case study, development of co-management plan, validation ofplan with fishery stakeholders.Action plan – data, capacity building, institutional changes, resources.Evaluation – assessment, evaluation process.Training modules were designed around each of these topics. And a final evaluation questionnairewas provided by the MoA. The modules are presented in Annex 5 and show the job aids required fordelivery; the end of module objectives; teaching points: sources of contents; notes for the instructorand session timing details.Several key references were used to design and implement the training. These are:Hindson J, Hoggarth D D, Krishna M, Mees C C, O’Neill C (2005) How to manage a fishery. Asimple guide to writing a fishery management plan. FMSP Project R8468, MRAG, London.FAO (1997) Fisheries management. Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 4, Rome. Government of Ethiopia Fisheries development and utilization proclamation 315/2003.Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (2010) Growth and transformation plan.2010/11 – 2014/15. Draft.P a g e | 11Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report Pomeroy R S, Williams M J (1994) Fisheries co-management and small-scalefisheries. A policy brief. ICLARM, Manilla.Pomeroy R S, Cinner J E, Raakjaer Nielsen J (2011) Conditions for successful comanagement:lessons learned in Asia, Africa, the Pacific and the wider Caribbean. In: SmallscaleFisheries Management. Frameworks and Approaches for the Developing World. Cabi,UK.LVFO (2005) Guidelines for beach management units on Lake Victoria. Jinja.LVFO (2008) Lake Victoria Fisheries Management Plan 2009 – 20014. Draft. IFMP Project,Jinja.Preparation of materials such as hand-outs of key technical information, case studies, working groupsessions, and practical work activities was undertaken prior to the workshop. As well as hard copiesof materials and references, a resource CD including all the training material plus the key referencedocuments was produced as part of the consultancy and made available to all trainees and MoAofficials.It was not be possible to pilot test the training process and modules, due to time limitations prior tothe workshop. As a consequence, the FMP workshop acted as an opportunity to pilot the modules,process and materials. Changes identified during the training have been incorporated into themodules presented in Annex 5.4.5 FMP Training WorkshopA total of 13 fishery officers and researchers from Oromia, SNNPRS and Amhara regions participatedin a seven-day participatory FMP training and development workshop held in Hawasa from April 4 to12th. A list of workshop participants is given as Annex 6. A workshop timetable is given as Annex 7.The technical content of the workshop is highlighted in the section above and the modules arepresented as Annex 5.The workshop combined theory, working group sessions, plenary discussion and practical fieldwork.Participants learning was assessed as an on-going process using recapping question and answersessions and the results of practical work which involved the development of draft FMPs for targetfisheries. Daily evaluations helped the trainers understand what was going well and what was notgoing well and required immediate attention. A final evaluation exercise was conducted to enableparticipants to provide feedback on all aspects of the training. The results of this are provided asAnnex 8 and indicate that the workshop was well received and appropriate.Emphasis during the workshop was placed on providing key technical background and knowledge andthen guiding the trainees to learn for themselves and to use their existing knowledge andunderstanding to develop inputs for the draft FMPs. This helped build up a high degree of localownership of the FMPs, increasing the likelihood of uptake.Technical information developed during the workshop was used to help develop the Lake Ziway andLake Chamo FMPs presented as Annexes 9 and 10.4.6 Development of FMP and ValidationAlthough the bulk of the mission (75%) was devoted to the TNA, workshop and training preparationand the training workshop itself, 20% of time was allocated for the development of a draft case studyFMP. At the request of the MoA, two draft FMPs were developed. These focus on Lake Chamo andLake Ziway, which are seen as the most overexploited and yet commercially important RVLs. TheFMPs are presented as Annexes 9 and 10. The FMP structure used follows the relatively simple, short,concise approach proscribed in Hindson et al (2005) and consists of:P a g e | 12Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportIntroduction.Overview of fishery.Status stocks.Current management issues.Stakeholder analysis.Situation analysis and SWOT.Long terms objectives for the fishery (based on the best scientific information available).Specific management objectives.Management measures.Co-management.Action Plan.Sessions and consultations during the training workshop were used to help draft key sections of theFMPs and hence include the knowledge, experiences and ideas of a cross-section of stakeholdersinvolved in the use or management of the target fisheries as well as the knowledge and experience ofthe consultancy team. Following the workshop the information available was embellished by theconsultants and technically edited.In order to validate the draft FMPs two workshop/meetings were convened, one for each FMP, atwhich a cross-section of key stakeholders from each region identified in the stakeholder analysis wereinvited to discuss the draft documents (see Annex 11). Feedback from the meetings was then used tofinalise the two draft FMPs (See Annexes 9 and 10) In the absence of up to date information onstocks and evidence of overexploitation the FMPs present a precautionary approach to futuremanagement and a system of co-management which mirrors the existing government administrativestructure but with the inclusion of resource users and community representatives. Each FMP includesan Action plan which outlines the immediate and short term follow-on activities related to the furtherdevelopment of the FMPs and their implementation.5 Conclusions and RecommendationsThis section presents the main conclusions and recommendations from the mission.Firstly, all activities proposed within the terms of reference were completed. In accordance with thetors, the bulk of the mission (75%) was devoted to the TNA, workshop and training preparation andthe training workshop itself. A further 20% of time was allocated to the development of two draftcase study FMPs, including two validation meetings with key stakeholders.Courtesy calls and TNA interviews were conducted by the Key Experts in conjunction with Federal,Regional and Zonal government fishery experts. Meetings were held with a cross section of public andprivate sector stakeholders in Oromia and SNNPRS regions to introduce the mission, implement theTNA and collate information for the document review. A draft document review was produced whichwas later incorporated into the two FMPs produced: Lake Chamo and Lake Ziway.The results of the TNA were used to design a participatory workshop process and guide thedevelopment of training modules and materials. Issues raised during the TNA such as priorities ofP a g e | 13Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportsenior government fishery officers and influencing factors which could assist or hinderthe uptake of FMPs and training, have been reflected in the FMPs produced by the mission.A seven day training workshop was held in Hawassa for 13 participants, thus accommodating a MoArequest for more trainees to be trained. Participants, who were fishery officers, came from Oromia,SNNPRS and Ahmara Regions and represented Regional, Zonal and Woreda governmentadministrative levels as well as research institutions. On the one hand this made addressing alltraining needs challenging, but the mix enhanced the FMP development process during the workshop.The trainees were taken through the key stages of FMP development and “learnt by doing”. A set oftraining modules was developed which could be used by the trainees, or others, in future. Technicalinformation developed during the workshop was used to help develop the tow FMPs for Lake Ziwayand Lake Chamo. These focussed on Lake Chamo and Lake Ziway, which are seen as the mostoverexploited and yet commercially important RVLs. The draft FMPs are working documents whichrequire further development and discussion. They reflect a precautionary approach to futuremanagement and promote a co-management system which mirrors the government administrativestructure. They also reflect and highlight the lack of information on stocks, fishing effort and socioeconomicdata. It is recommended that the template for the FMPs be used by traineesrepresenting lakes Tana, Abaya and Hawassa to develop similar FMPs for those fisheries.The draft FMPs were discussed at validation meetings towards the end of the mission and are now atthe stage where government should present the ideas and proposed measures and co-managementapproach to a wider audience of stakeholders including the resource users. Implementation of theFMPs is beyond the scope of this mission but is something which needs to be thought about andfunded either by government or with outside support such as the ACP Fish II programme and otherinterested donors. Both plans include Action plans which highlight the key next steps to developmentand implementation. It is recommended that the MoA and Regional governments carry out a widerconsultation process with resource users and other key stakeholder groups regarding the draft FMPswith a view to implementing the plans as soon as possible. The Action Plans contained in the FMPsshould be used to guide the immediate necessary next steps.6 ReferencesEU/MoA (1997) Lake Management Plans. Lake fisheries Development Project Phase II, WorkingPaper, Addis Ababa.GoE (2003) Fish utilization proclamation 2003/315. Addis Ababa.P a g e | 14Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

1.1 Overall objectiveTraining for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 1. Terms of ReferenceThe overall objective of the ACP Fish II Programme is to contribute to the sustainable and equitablemanagement of fisheries in ACP regions, thus leading to poverty alleviation and improving foodsecurity in ACP States.1.2 PurposeIn line with the objectives of the ACP Fish II Programme, as stated above, the purpose of thiscontract is to provide Technical Assistance to the Fisheries Administration in Ethiopia toimprove fisheries management planning through on-the-job training (OJT). Fulfilling thispurpose will ultimately ensure that the sector’s current and potential nutritional, social, economic andenvironmental benefits are fully realised for present and future generations.1.3 Results to be achieved by the ConsultantThe Consultant will achieve the following results as part of this contract:A fisheries training module is prepared and piloted;Selected fisheries officers and stakeholders are trained in fisheries management planning;A Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) is prepared covering selected lake(s) located in the GreatRift Valley.1.4 Specific activitiesThis contract is organised in two phases: the preparatory phase and the implementation phase.Briefing by the ACP Fish II;Document review and training workshop module preparation;Courtesy calls in Addis Ababa and consultation meetings in Hawasa with the FisheriesAdministration and other key stakeholders;Training needs assessment (TNA);Design and adaptation of fisheries management planning training module (based on TNA);Make all the logistical arrangements to complete the training itself (including inviteparticipants, arrange travel, book and pay for flights and vehicles for participants asnecessary, pay per diems or expenses of participants, arrange visas, training venue costs andfield visit)Delivery and evaluation of 7-day training workshop;Review and develop one Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) during the training as a casestudy;FMP draft validation with the Fisheries Administration and other key stakeholders;Preparation of the required reports.A n n e x 1 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportThe Consultants are required to produce the following reports in English:An Interim Technical Report (ITR) within 10 days of arriving in the duty station for the firsttime. The ITR will be no longer than 12 pages and must include the results of the TrainingNeeds Assessment (TNA). It will include the proposed methodology, the calendar andprogramme of activities, places to visit, people to meet and an outline of the contents of theFinal Technical Report.The Final Technical Report (FTR), taking into account changes and comments from theFisheries Administration/MoARD, the RFU and CU will be submitted within one month of theConsultant leaving the country. A draft FTR will be submitted before the Consultant leavesthe country on completion of the training and drafting of the FMP. Comments on the draftFTR may be made by the Fisheries Administration/MoARD, the RFU and CU within 14 days. Ifrequired a second draft FTR will be submitted.A n n e x 1 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 2. Programme and People MetDate Location Name and Title Remarks/ActivitiesUKDepart UK for EthiopiaTues 15 Addis Ababa Expert 1 arrives AddisAbabaDr Tesfaye Wudneh Wakayo, Key Expert 2Project briefing meetinge-mail: fish4all@ethionet.etMobile: 00 251 91 1407773Edmealem Shitaye, Deputy Director of AgriculturalExtension Directorate, Federal Ministry of Agriculture(MoA)Hussein Abegaz, Senior Fisheries Expert, FederalMinistry of Agriculture (MoA), Addis AbabaTel : 0911172571, 0116461965 (office)Email : husseinfish99@gmail.comBulbula Regassa, Oromia Region Fishery DevelopmentFacilitatorTel : 0911663451Email : bulbula.regassa@gmail.comGetachew Mamecha, Economist, Managing Director,Afri Tech Consult PLCTel: +251 911249428Email: afritech_ghtz@ethionet.etKey Expert planningmeetingWed 16 Addis Ababa As per project briefing aboveMr. Koane MindjimbaRegional Manager for Eastern AfricaACP FISH II ProgrammeTel: +256 414 251 640mailto:K.Mindjimba@acpfish2-eu.orgkmindjimba@yahoo.comACP Fish II Briefing atMoADocument review andTNA preparationTadesse Gutta, Deputy Head of Oromia LivestockAgencyTel: 0911894259 Email: taddesgutta@yahoo.comTamiremamriam woldemesteel, Livestock and FisheryDevelopment Extension CoordinatorTel: 0911983782Hussein Abegaz & Bulbula Regassa as aboveProject briefing meetingwith Oromia RegionalAdministrationThurs 17 Addis Ababa Document review andTNA preparationYared Tigabu, National Project Coordinator, NationalFisheries Research Centre, SebataTNA and documentreviewTel: 0911435699Email: yared1900@yahoo.comFri 18 Addis Ababa Dr Eshete Dejen, Fisheries Technical Officer, FAOSubregional Office for Eastern AfricaTel: 091179094Email: eshete.dejen@fao.orgMulugeta Mehary, Production Manager, Fish Productionand Marketing Enterprise, Addis AbabaTel: +251 912088341Email: ethiopianfish@ethionet.etTNA and documentreviewA n n e x 2 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportDate Location Name and Title Remarks/ActivitiesZiwayAysha Hassan, Fishery Expert,Tel: 0913467388Kitau Desefa, Animal Nutrition& Apiculture ExpertGemechu Jambo, Agriculture and Fishery ExtensionExpertDr Lamessa Keno, Animal Health ExpertAgriculture and Livestock Agency, Ziway WaredaTNA and documentreviewMr Lemma Abera, Director, Ziway Fisheries ResearchCentreTel: 0916820678Email: negrofarm@yahoo.comSat 19 Ziway Various stakeholders at fish landing sites on LakesZiway and LanganoAdefris Kasaye, Branch Manager, Fish Processing andTrading BusinessTel: 0913386703Sun 20 Ziway Feyiso Jifu, Chairman of Cooperative Society andFishermen’s UnionTel: 0911757076TNA and documentreviewWorkshop planning andpreparationTeam meetingTNA and documentreviewSafayo Ashuta, Ziway Cooperative Promotion OfficeTel: 0913371517Email: safayaashuta@yahoo.comHawasaWorkshop planning andpreparationMon 21 Hawasa Finalisation of workshopvenue and invitationletterMelese Gasha, Acting Head, Bureau of Agriculture andLivestock, Hawasa Regional GovernmentTel: 0911021681Email: melese.gashe28@yahoo.comLalotoSadoreRegional Fishery Expert, SNNPRS, HawasaTel: +251 911772804Yosef WeldesenbetAtara AmeloAmora Gedel Fish Landing Cooperative, HawasaTNA and documentreviewKassahun Mereke, Fishery Researcher, Hawasa FisheryResearch CentreTel: 0911394195Email: ekassahunmereka@yahoo.comTues 22 Arbra Minch Mathewos Bundo Bunea, Vice Head, Department ofAgricultureTel: 0916834736Email: bundomethewos@yahoo.comBimrew Tadesse, Fisheries OfficerTel: 0916830957Email: bimrewtad@yahoo.comTNA and documentreviewReport writingA n n e x 2 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportDate Location Name and Title Remarks/ActivitiesWed 23Arbra MinchLake ChamoVarious stakeholders – Lake Chamo fish landingsSamuel Mekonnen, General Manager, Crocodile FarmTel: +251 911513078Email: bldev.plc@ethiopia.netSolomon Lef, Chairman, Arbra Minch FisheriesCooperativeTel: 0913398397TNA and fieldworkobservationsMr Solomon, General Manager, Ethiofish, FishProcessing PlantThurs 24 Hawasa Return to Hawssa (morning) TNA data analysesDocument reviewFri 25 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office TNA results reviewITRdevelopment/reviewTraining workshopcontentSat 26 HawassaSun 27 HawassaMon 28 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules,materials and workshoppreparationTues 29 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules,materials and workshoppreparationWed 30 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules,materials and workshoppreparationThurs 31 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules,materials and workshoppreparationFri April 1 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office Training modules,materials and workshoppreparationSat 2 HawassaSun 3 HawassaMon 4 Hawassa Edmealem Shitaye, Deputy Director of Agricultural FMP WorkshopExtension Directorate, Federal Ministry of Agriculture(MoA)Hussein Abegaz, Senior Fisheries Expert, FederalMinistry of Agriculture (MoA), Addis AbabaTel : 0911172571, 0116461965 (office)Email : husseinfish99@gmail.comVarious stakeholders (see Annex WorkshopParticipants)Tues 5 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP WorkshopWed 6 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP WorkshopThurs 7 Hawassa Various stakeholdersFMP WorkshopMr. Koane MindjimbaRegional Manager for Eastern AfricaACP FISH II ProgrammeTel: +256 414 251 640mailto:K.Mindjimba@acpfish2-eu.orgkmindjimba@yahoo.comA n n e x 2 | 3Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportDate Location Name and Title Remarks/ActivitiesFri 8 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP WorkshopEvening receptionSat 9 HawassaSun 10 HawassaMon 11 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP WorkshopTues 12 Hawassa Various stakeholders FMP WorkshopFieldworkWorkshop closeWed 13 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office FMP development andpreparation forvalidation meetingsThurs 14 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office FMP development andpreparation forvalidation meetingsFri 15 Hawassa Bureau of Agriculture Office FMP development andpreparation forvalidation meetingsSat 16 HawassaSun 17 HawassaMon 18 Hawassa Lake Chamo FMP validation meeting - Variousstakeholders (see Validation Meeting ParticipantsAnnex)Tues 19 Ziway Lake Ziway FMP Validation Meeting - Variousstakeholders (see Validation Meeting ParticipantsAnnex)Validation meeting LakeChamo FMPValidation meeting LakeZiway FMPWed 20 Addis Ababa Hussein Abegaz, Senior Fisheries Expert, FederalMinistry of Agriculture (MoA), Addis AbabaTel : 0911172571, 0116461965 (office)Email : husseinfish99@gmail.comRevision of draft FMPsDepart ZiwayArrive Addis AbabaThurs 21 Addis Ababa Depart Addis AbabaArrive UKTues 26 UK Writing Draft FinalReportWed 27 UK Writing Draft FinalReportA n n e x 2 | 4Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

PrioritiesTraining for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 3. Training and Assessment ChecklistWhat are the priorities in terms of the management and objectives for the target fisheries and thetraining of fisheries stakeholders in management planning?….Where would you like the situation to bein 12 months’ time (Table a)?ExpectationsDefine key tasks of different stakeholders in relation to fisheries management planning (Table b).What are the main ways in which fisheries stakeholders need to change or do things differently interms of fisheries management planning and management (what is the problem, level of desiredperformance and actual performance and what is causing the problem?Who should do what differently…to define the performance goal (all)?orWhat behaviour pattern based on knowledge skills and attitudes do fisheries stakeholders need inorder to carry out their tasks with competence (Table c)?ForcesUse force field analysis to identify what will help of hinder fisheries stakeholders learn, try to applynew knowledge, skills and attitudes (Table d & e)?SolutionsWhat are the solutions to the obstacles identified during the force field analysis (f)?Non-trainingOther than training what other cost/effective ways are there to achieve the desired performance/expectation / development of knowledge, skills attitudes (brainstorm) (g)?TrainingWhat kind of training will best help fisheries stakeholders achieve the desired level of competence(h)?Learning objectives (Table i)Define learning objectives for each performance goal requiring training….SASSituation – what situation with the fishery stakeholders be in when they need to perform the taskskilfully?Action – what will they be able to do specifically after the training session is over?Standard – some measure by which they will be able to judge successAudit (Table j)Which individuals need how much training?Check for previous training in FMP, skills and knowledge in fisheries management, co-management,enforcement.A n n e x 3 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 4. TNA MatrixFisherystakeholderb. Description ofstakeholder tasksc. Desiredperformance/expectationsd. Help e. Hinderf. Solutionstoobstaclesg. Nontrainingh.Trainingsolutioni. Learningobjectivej. Audit foractualperformanceFederalMonitoring managementmeasures at nationallevelCoordinate nationaldevelopmentprogrammesProvide guidance oncapacity buildingAdvise on manpowerrequirementsBudget allocation ofexternal programmesPolicy guidance to higherlevel managementPolicy guidance toregions on requestAdvise on nationalresearch focusProvide policy guidance onco-management approachto senior levelmanagementPrepare project proposalsto implement FMPIdentify research topicsrelated to co-managementAdvise on capacity buildingfor FMP implementationUnderstand the FMPmanpower and skills andknowledge requirementsof region, zonal, weredaUnderstand the ways inwhich multi-stakeholdercoordination should beachieved for fisheriesmanagementCooperative'sexist and there ispotential toparticipate in aco-managementCooperative'sbylawsdeveloped formanagementCooperativeunderstand needfor fisherymanagementRegionalgovernmentsupportGovt to increaseextension staffLessons fromLake Tana FMPPresence ofkebele atcommunity levelLegislation existsRegionalgovernmentability toimplement FMPTrainingmaterials/manualavailable aftermissionLack of follow-upand monitoringby govtTransfer of staffTrained staffmoveFisheries notpriorityResources notallocatedLow levels ofmotivationNo legalframeworkEnforcement oflegislation leadsto physical andverbal abuseFO undertakenon fisheriesactivitiesCooperativesweakPoor relationshipbetween fisheriesextension andresearchPoor relationshipbetween fisheriesand cooperativedepartment/otherinstitutionsNo stockassessment dataGovt commitresources toensurepropermonitoring,motivation,extensionRegionalgovt ensuredirectivesdevelopedCoordinationprocessescreated at alllevelsawarenessraising on topicsin meetingspostersradio,broadcastingdramaleaflets outliningfisheriesmanagementmeasuresWorkshop– groupwork,casestudies,fieldworkBe able toexplain torelevantstakeholdersthe purpose,content andprocess ofdeveloping afisheriesmanagementplan and howit should beimplementedaccording tointernationalstandardsBe able toexplain torelevantstakeholderscomanagementand how thiscan be usedto implementa FMPSome FOshave someexperience ofdevelopingFMPs, but notallThere is ageneral lackofunderstandingof comanagementin fisheriesA n n e x 4 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportFisherystakeholderb. Description ofstakeholder tasksc. Desiredperformance/expectationsd. Help e. HinderPoor coordinationamongstdifferentinstitutionsConflictsFisheriesofficers/MoAadvice notheededf. Solutionstoobstaclesg. Nontrainingh.Trainingsolutioni. Learningobjectivej. Audit foractualperformanceRegionalIdentification of researchtopics for researchcentresAdvise bureau seniormanagement on fisheriesissuesReport to seniormanagementLiaise with zonal fisheryofficersCollect information fromzonal offices on catchdata, cooperativesAdvise on development ofdirectivesProvide policy guidance onco-management approachto Bureau managementPrepare project proposalsto implement FMPIdentify research topicsrelated to co-managementand work closely withresearch institutionsReceive research resultsand use these to guidepolicy and extensiondecisionsAdvise on capacity buildingfor FMP implementationUnderstand the FMPmanpower and skills andknowledge requirementsof region, zonal, weredaUnderstand the ways inwhich multi-stakeholdercoordination should beachieved for fisheriesmanagementInitiate lake wide multistakeholderapproach tomanagementDevelop directives toA n n e x 4 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportFisherystakeholderb. Description ofstakeholder tasksc. Desiredperformance/expectationssupport co-managementapproach andimplementation of FMPMonitor and evaluate theimplementation of FMPPeriodically audit FMP andmake any necessarychangesd. Help e. Hinderf. Solutionstoobstaclesg. Nontrainingh.Trainingsolutioni. Learningobjectivej. Audit foractualperformanceZonalUndertake multi sectoralactivitiesAdvise on extensionactivities e.g. training ofcooperatives/stakeholdersCoordinate programmesacross weredasCollect and analyse datafrom weredaReport to regional officeLiaise with cooperativeofficeIntegrate co-managementinto other sector workProvide capacity buildingfor wereda fisheriesofficers, cooperatives andother stakeholders tosupport FMPimplementationSynchronize FMPimplementation acrossdifferent weredas andinstitutionsAnalyse data on catchesand other indicators fromweredaMonitor and evaluate FMPimplementation withweredaAssist in the developmentof directives to implementFMPProvide guidance towereda officers regardingFMP implementationWeredaMonitor activities ofcooperatives/fisheriesProvide training tocooperativesApply fisheriesmanagement measures asper FMP and legislationAssist in formulatingAble toexplain keyconcepts:fisheriesA n n e x 4 | 3Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportFisherystakeholderb. Description ofstakeholder tasksProvision of technicaladvice and extensionservices and awarenessraisingCollecting catch dataImplementingmanagementregulations/directivesLiaise with cooperativedepartmentc. Desiredperformance/expectationsfisheries managementbylaws with zonal officersand communitiesProvide training tocooperatives and otherstakeholders in FMPimplementationCollect data to helpmonitor stock levels andMSYSynchronize FMPimplementation withdifferent stakeholders atwereda leveld. Help e. Hinderf. Solutionstoobstaclesg. Nontrainingh.Trainingsolutioni. Learningobjectivemanagement;adaptivemanagement,comanagement,precautionaryapproach,conflictmanagementj. Audit foractualperformanceResearchofficersConduct biological andresource related researchConduct socio-economicresearchIdentify appropriatemanagement measuresTransfer researchfindings to extensionserviceIdentify research topicsalong with agriculturalofficeUndertake research relatedto the implementation andeffects of FMPs includingsocio-economic aspectsPeriodically audit FMP andmake recommendationsfor suggested changesTransfer FMP researchfindings to RegionalFishery OfficeA n n e x 4 | 4Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

TRAINING SESSION PLANTraining for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 5. Training ModulesSession No: 1 Date: Duration: 1 hrTitle: IntroductionObjectives: Participants will be able to:Introduce the participants to each other and the workshop objectives and process to the participantsContent: Training Points Methods TimeIntroduction1. Overview of introduction session Presentation 2 minsDevelopmentIntroductions – name, job tasks, like & dislikeExpectationsWorkshop objectiveDiscussionand individualpreparationandpresentations60 minsWorkshop scheduleAdministration issuesTraining materials/aids:Cards to guide introductions and record expectationsTarget groups: fishery officers, researchersA n n e x 5 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINERS NOTESTITLE: IntroductionIntroduction ( min)TrainerTrainees1. Briefly introduce the session Understand the content of the sessionDevelopment ( hrs )The aim is to not only introduce the objectives of theworkshop and provide an overview of the differentsessions, but to enable participants to participate earlyon and set the scene for the interactive nature of theprocess.Understand the content and nature of the workshopand what is expected of them.Personal expectations are matched to objectives.Participants are firstly asked to introduce, notthemselves, but the person next to them. This acts asan ice breaker. And involves people getting to knowothers in the group.The participants are then asked to give theirexpectations of the workshop before the workshopobjective, schedule and administrative issues areintroduced.The objectives are to develop knowledge and skills infisheries management planning and develop aspects ofa fishery management planParticipants are asked if they have any questions.A n n e x 5 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING SESSION PLANSession No: 2 Date: Duration: 1.5 hrsTitle: What is a fisheries management plan (FMP)?Objectives: Participants will be able to:Describe the purpose and content of an FMPContent: Training Points Methods TimeIntroduction Overview of session and objectives 5 minsDevelopmentDefinition of an FMPDiscuss &theory15 minsWhy are management plans needed?Importance of fisheriesFish stocks vulnerableNeed for good planningBrainstorm &theory15 minsContent of an FMPWhere are we now?Where do we want to get to?How are we going to get there?How we do know we have arrived?How an FMP is developedDataStakeholdersDiscuss andtheoryTheory15 mins15 minsConclusionRecap main points on:DefinitionNeed for FMPContentDevelopment processDiscussionand Q & A20minsTraining materials/aids:Copy of FMP guideCopy of FAO CCRF Fisheries ManagementCopy of stock assessment guideFAO State of World FisheriesExample of FMPOHP presentation & projectorFlip chart & marker pensOHP hand-outTarget groups: Fishery officers, government planners, researchers, cooperatives,Evaluation/Test:A n n e x 5 | 3Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINERS NOTESTITLE: What is an FMP?Introduction (20 min)Trainer1. Brief the participants on the contents of thesession. Show introduction slide.2. Explain that at the session end participants will beable to describe what an FMP is and its contentand will know more about the following workshopsessions.3. Distribute and explain the relevance of theresource documentsDevelopment (1 hr )1. In plenary ask participants what they think a FMPis and list the ideas on flip chart/white board. Wayof finding out what people already know and helpfurther sessions.TraineesParticipants will get an overview of the session andwhat they will learn from it.They will receive resource documents to aid this andfollowing sessionsParticipants will mention what they think an FMP isParticipants will acquire knowledge on what a FMP isand what it consists ofPresent 1 slide presenting a definition from CCRF FM4.1Link participants responses to definitionSeek for any clarifications2. Ask why we think FMP are needed….what use arethey?Participants will acquire knowledge on why FMPs areimportantPresent slide outlining the importance of fisheries andneed to manage fisheries better and why (MRAGp9…update with latest SOFIA)3. Ask participants what they think a FMP shouldinclude/contain and record answersPresent slide showing content based on MRAG p10Refer to Table 4 at back of CCRF FMExplain that there are different formats for FMPParticipants will acquire knowledge on what an FMPcontains and the different stages in the developmentprocess.Participants will acquire more knowledge on thecontent of the following workshop sessions and whatthey will be doingMention that FMP is working document that needsconstant updatingPresent slide showing the stages in development of anFMP diag p3 MRAG on slide. Refer to Table p4 MRAGExplain that the workshop will focus on thedevelopment of key aspects of an FMP but that a draftdocument would need to be discussed with other keystakeholdersConclusion (20mins)Recap by Q & A on:Can someone define what an FMP is?Why are FMP important?What does an FMP contain?Is an FMP a one-off document or does it needupdating and if so why?Trainees answer questions and provide contribution.A n n e x 5 | 4Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING SESSION PLANSession No: 3 Date: Duration: approx 9hrsTitle: What are the fisheries like now?Objectives: Participants will be able to:Describe the current status of a fishery and identify the associated strengths, weaknesses, opportunities andthreatsContent: Training Points Methods TimeIntroduction1. Overview of session2. Why it is important to clarify the current situation10 minsDevelopmentOutline data required and provide guideline for presentationTheory15 minsWorking groups develop overview of fisheries using informationbrought with them, key references, document reviewWorkinggroups120 minsGroup presentations and discussionsPlenary60 minsIntroduce stakeholder analysesTheory15 minsWorking groups develop stakeholder analysesWorkinggroups60 minsGroups presentations and discussionsPlenary60 minsIntroduce SWOT processTheory30 minsGroups develop SWOTsWorkinggroups60 minsGroup presentations of SWOT and discussionPlenary60 minsConclusion Recap main points on:Reason for current situation analysesContentSWOTTraining materials/aids:Fishery overview outline/structureFMP development guideReference material – secondary data brought by participants to workshopStakeholder analyses matrix hand-out/slideSWOT matrix hand-outDocument reviewFlip chartsTarget groups:Evaluation:Discussionand Q & A20 minsA n n e x 5 | 5Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINERS NOTESTITLE: What are the fisheries like now?Introduction ( min)TrainerTrainees1. Explain that this session is aimed at developing the firstpart of the FMP which is an overview of the currentsituation2. The session will consist of theory presentations on keyaspects of the FMP including stakeholder analyses andSWOT3. By the end of the session a draft current situationsection will have been produced which will be used toguide the setting of management goals and objectivesWill understand the objectives of this sessionand how it contributes to the overalldevelopment of an FMPDevelopment ( hrs )Notes can be taken for the overall session from the FMPguide (MRAG) pages 15 to 26. It is important to enableparticipants throughout the session to take ownership of theprocess and their FMPs. The trainer is providing guidancethrough the process and technical inputs when required.Participants should be encouraged to write up their groupwork in a single MS Word FMP document, which will bedeveloped further during subsequent sessions.Will learn how to develop the “current situation”section of an FMP including how to develop asimple stakeholder analyses and carry out aSWOT to analyse the current situation.Will develop their own draft “current situation”section for their FMPsExplain the general content of this section of the FMP.Provide the hand-out of the checklist of key topics to beincluded in the section and discuss these.Ask groups to spend time developing their sections using thechecklist as a guide. Once the groups are ready, ask each topresent the information in plenary. As a trainer, use thechecklist to identify any gaps. Seek for questions andclarifications after each presentation.The stakeholder analyses process is then introduced. P17 –20 of the FMP guide. The matrix structure is presented anddifferent types of expected stakeholder defined. An exampleis worked through in plenary. Working groups then developtheir own stakeholder analyses matrix and present these inplenary. The trainer should seek for clarifications andquestions.The final activity is the SWOT. The SWOT guidelines areused on p 25 -26 of the FMP guide. A slide summarising thematrix is presented. Examples are worked through inplenary before working groups reflect on their currentunderstanding of the situation and develop their own SWOTmatrices. Once ready the groups present these in plenaryfor general discussion.Conclusion ( mins)Recap by Q & A on:The content of the current situation section of the FMPand why are we developing this section?What is a stakeholder analyses and how is it used in theFMP process?Please describe different aspects of the SWOT and giveexamples?Reinforce learning on the current situation andhow it is developed.A n n e x 5 | 6Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING AIDSCurrent Situation and Trends StructureNational and regional policy and legislation related to fisheries managementSummary of existing legislation in place including directives (fisheries, environment, trade& industry etc)Overview of target fisheries and trendsoooooooArea of operation of the fishery and under which jurisdiction it fallsOutline of the fishery resources including particulars of life histories, breedingpatterns/age/size and areasOutline of all fishing practicesEcosystem, its status and any particularly sensitive areas or features influencing oraffected by the fisheryDetails of non-fishery users or activities which impact on the fishery, andarrangements for liaison and co-ordination (agriculture, industry, forestry etc)Details of those individuals or groups granted rights of access to the fishery, andparticulars of the nature of those rightsContribution of the fishery to development objectives• Food security (main consumer groups, location, fish price vs other proteinsources)• Employment (number of fishermen, processors, traders…., dependency onfisheries – full time, part time, seasonal)• Income (approximate income of different stakeholders)• poverty reduction (benefits to poor and marginalised groups)• foreign exchange (exports)Status of stocks & trendsooooocatch and effort datastock assessments datadescription of assessment methods usedstock indicatorsbiological limits/MSYCurrent fisheries management measures and approaches usedo History of fishing and management and trendso Management measure usedo How are management measures appliedLessons learnt from current and previous fisheries managemento What has worked and why?o What has not worked and why?A n n e x 5 | 7Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStakeholder analysis matrixStakeholder (public,private, civil society,academic)Roles andresponsibilitiesHow they should beinvolved in fisheriesmanagementCurrent situation/observationsSWOT slideA n n e x 5 | 8Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING SESSION PLANSession No: 4 Date: Duration: 4 hrsTitle: Where are we going?Objectives: Participants will be able to:Describe how to develop a purpose and objectives of a FMP and identify these in the local contextContent: Training Points Methods TimeIntroductionDevelopment1. Overview of session2. Management approaches3. Purpose, goals, objectives, standards4. Develop aspects of FMPManagement approachesPrecautionaryAdaptiveReactive & proactiveTop down/commandCo-managementTheory &discussion10 mins60 minsRelevance of concepts to RVL situationPurpose of FMPExamplesWorkinggroup casestudies60 minsGoalsBiologicalEconomicSocial120 minsObjectivesManagement standardsIndicatorsReference pointsTheory,plenarydiscussion,workinggroupsAs aboveConclusion Recap main points on: Discussionand Q & A20minsTraining materials/aids:Presentation slidesFMP guideTransformation plan p4-12L Vic Tilapia FMP p 77-81ProclamationUN MDGReference materialsFlip chartsTarget groups: fishery officers, researchersA n n e x 5 | 9Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINERS NOTESTITLE: Where are we going?TrainerIntroduction ( min)1. Introduce the session and refer to Fig 5 p30 MRAG2. Refer to the FMP in general and explain we are now inthe “where we are going phase”Development ( hrs )Management approachesIntroduce the focus which is to provide background to keyconcepts related to the way in which we can managefisheries.Refer to p27-28 MRAG.Show the slide and ask if anyone has heard of any of theseconcepts? What do they mean? Once discussion is over thenprovide summary of what each concept means.TraineesUnderstand the objective if the session, whatthey will learn and how it will contribute to thedevelopment of an FMP.Will learn about familiar management conceptsand how these are or are not applicable to theFMP process.Discuss which concepts are relevant to our own situation andwhy?PurposeRefer to p 31 MRAGDiscuss what a “Purpose” is….Helps to provide general focus of FMPGeneral statement….generally a precautionary and proactivestatement related to sustainability…..Give examples from L Vic…..& MRAGProvide working groups with:ProclamationMDGRefer to past sessions….And ask them to develop their own Purposes (30 mins)Each group presents back its Purpose….Trainers check to ensure the purposes are:General statementsProactive and focussed on sustainabilityAre precautionary in nature and not likely to endanger theresource or resource users….Purposes are agreed and finalised….GoalsMRAG p 32Broad statements but focussed on key aspects of the fisheryand its contribution to national development objectives…..Biological – these are constraints and will affect the economicand social potential….Economic -Social -Ecological….Taken together the Goals should be the Purpose….Goals are a trade-off…..achieving maximum employment willnecessarily mean allowing the most number of fishermen intoA n n e x 5 | 10Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportthe fishery but this will spread the catch amongst manymeaning low average incomes for fishermen….whereasachieving highest incomes will mean limiting the number offishermen to a few and enabling them to take higher catchesusing more gears and earn higher incomes…..(30 mins)Working groups draft their own set of Goals in relation totheir Purposes….They are encouraged to use MRAG p 32, theProclamation and MDG, p 4 – 12 of Transformationplan….(45 mins)These are presented back in plenary and reviewed. (60 mins)Trainers should check that the Goals:Are general statementsCover at least Biological, Economic and Social parametersAre not contradictoryAre in line with Govt policy and the achievement of nationaldevelopment objectives and MDGThe Goals are agreed and finalised.ObjectivesIntroduce matrix as per MRAG p 33FMP ObjectivesRefer to P33 - 35 MRAGTo achieve each Goal we have objectives….These are measurable changes which are realised when theFMP has been successful….measuring and monitoring theseobjectives will give us therefore an understanding of whetherour FMP is working or not… (10 mins)Objective exampleExample for Biological Goal…..Go through this……How realistic is this objective in terms of our knowledge orability to measure the fish stock?VIRRP (verb, indicator, relationship, reference point)(15 mins)Biological objectivesDiscuss these examples by asking participants:Where are the verb, indicator to measure, relationship,reference point..The first example does not require stock assessment data tobe available as cpue is measured….we need to know whatcpue should be as per 1995 and monitor it to make sure itdoes not fall below this level…The second example requires knowledge of the MSY for theparticular fish stocks and the ability to measure this andmonitor it…it may also require more investment inmanpower, research and costs….Until the ability to accurately carry out stock assessments isin place it may be more practical to set objectives based oncpue? Discuss…(30 mins)Economic & social objectivesDiscuss these examples in terms of structure….Do we have information on minimum income levels?? Shouldwe set the level higher? How do we define a fisher?The social objective comes 3 rd here…as it depends on theA n n e x 5 | 11Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportlevels set by the biological and economic objectives….(15mins)Working groups develop objectives for each of theirgoals….(60 mins)Presentations of objectives….(45 mins)Trainers check that the objectives contain:Verb, indicator to be measured, relationship and referencepoint.Check how easy it will be to measure the objectives and dowe have base line data for the indicator and reference pointat the moment.Management standardsP36 MRAGHow are we going to measure whether we have achieved ourobjectives or not? How are we going to monitor progresstowards achieving our objectives?Indicators – where are we now or might be in the futureReference points – where we would like to be…can be set asa limit below which it should not fall….can be set as a targetalso…limits are better….Key issue is….how do we measure them?What data is required to estimate the quantity?What tool or analysis method will be used?For Biological objectives….much data can come from stockassessments…and fishery scientists…. (30 mins)Discuss the table and the data and measurements required…Discuss how we can carry out the measurements?Stock assessmentsSurveysWhat data do we have from existing sources….?? (30 mins)Working groups develop management standards for theirown objectives (60 mins)Discuss these and the methods that could be used togenerate the data.Do we have any available data that can be used? If so…thiscan now be included? How confident are we about thereliability of this data?What needs to be done to fill any gaps? (60 mins)Conclusion ( mins)Recap by Q & A on:Definitions of purpose, goals, objectives, standardsand examplesA n n e x 5 | 12Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING SESSION PLANSession No: 5 Date: Duration: approx 3hrsTitle: How do we get there - Management measures?Objectives: Participants will be able to:Understand the advantages and disadvantages of different fisheries management measures and how thesecan be used to achieve the objectives of the FMPUnderstand which management measures are appropriate for achieving the FMP objectivesContent: Training Points Methods TimeIntroduction1. Overview of session introducing the topic of managementmeasures2. Participants will understand how management measuresare included in an FMP10 minsDevelopmentWhat are management measuresHow management measures are used to achieve theobjectives of the FMPTheory anddiscussion60 minsDescription of different types of measuresInputOutputTechnicalExamples of measures and how these can help achieveobjectivesIdentification of management measures for FMPsWorkinggroups &plenarydiscussion90 minsConclusionRecap main points on:Different types of management measures and how they areused in an FMPDiscussionand Q & A20minsExamples from working groups used to illustrate differentapproachesTraining materials/aids:FMP guideFAO CCRF Fisheries Management reportResults of previous working group sessions and FMP objectives matrixMS Power point presentationFlip chartsTarget groups: Fishery officers, researchersA n n e x 5 | 13Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINERS NOTESTITLE: How do we get there - management measures?Introduction ( min)Trainer1. Briefly describe the session objectives andactivities and how this session relates to theobjective session and the session on comanagementDevelopment ( hrs )Theory for this session is supported by:P41 – 48 FMP guideSection 3 of FAO CCRF ManagementUse the presentation slides to introduce key issues andencourage discussions around each slide.TraineesUnderstand what the session is focussed on, what theywill learn and do and how the session relates toprevious and future FMP training sessionsUnderstand what management measures are and howthey feature in FMPsLearn about different types of measures and whichones are appropriate for their own situationsLearn how to develop an important aspect of an FMPAsk participants to provide examples of managementmeasures currently in use and how these are appliedand how effective these are.Refer the participants to the goals, objectives matrixdeveloped during the previous session and explain thatthe aim is to develop this further by includingmanagement measures for each objective.Working groups then identify management measuresappropriate for their own FMPs. These are thenpresented and discussed. The trainer should look tosee if the management measures are logical and couldbe implemented. Is there any past history of suchmeasures being applied?Decision control rules are introduced and discussed inplenary.Conclusion (mins)Recap by Q & A on:What are management measures and howare they used?Examples of different types of measuresLearning reinforced on key issuesA n n e x 5 | 14Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING AIDSThe key training aid is the purpose, goals and objectives matrix developed during the previoussession.A n n e x 5 | 15Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING SESSION PLANSession No: 6 Date: Duration: 1.5 daysTitle: Co-managementObjectives: Participants will be able to:Explain what co-management is and how it could be applied in the local contextContent: Training Points Methods TimeIntroduction1. Overview of session2. Concept of co-management3. Essential conditions for co-management to occur4. Adapting co-management to the RVL contextPresentation 1slide10 minsDevelopmentDescription of co-managementTheory &discussion90 minsKey conditions for co-managementInstitutional designSupra community & communityIndividual & householdGroups identifydifferentconditions fromchapter 7 SCFCo-management planningWorking groupscase study180minsPreparation of presentationsPlan presented to local stakeholders/cooperative byparticipantsDraft co-management plan refined and finalisedFieldworkAnalyses andreflectionMorning120 minsConclusionRecap main points on:Co-managementRVL plan ideasDiscussion andQ & A20minsTraining materials/aids:Reference materialsChapter 7 SCFCo-management paperLake Victoria BMU guidelinesCo-management plan case studyPresentation hand-outFlip chartsPrepare meeting with Hawassa fishermenTarget groups: fishery officers, researchersA n n e x 5 | 16Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINERS NOTESTITLE: Co-managementIntroduction ( min)Trainer1. Ensure the participants are clear about the sessionand the various activities. Ask if there anyquestions.TraineesUnderstand the content of the session and the output,which is a draft of ideas for a co-management planDevelopment ( hrs )Co-management concept introduced using a mix ofslides and discussion.Key conditions for co-management to be facilitated areintroduced. There are a number of conditions and theapproach is to create 2 working groups which reviewdifferent sections of Ch 7 from SSF book and identifythe conditions they see. Each group lists the conditionson flip charts and prepares to feed back to wholegroup. The results are compiled to give an overall list.A hand-out covering a full list is presented.Case study is introduced and L Vic BMU guidelinesdistributed. 3 working groups develop a draft comanagementplan.Fieldwork to enable the participants to present theirideas to resource users. The experience will bereflected on afterwards and the ideas refinedaccordingly to work towards an appropriate comanagementapproach for RVL situation.Understand the meaning of co-management and issuesrelated to its application.Analyse data and develop an understanding of theconditions required for successful co-management.Learn from the co-management experience of LakeVictoria and adapt ideas to suit the RVL context.Involvement of resource users in the co-managementprocess is essential and participants will experiencehow this can be undertaken and views incorporated inthe process.Conclusion ( mins)Recap by Q & A on:A n n e x 5 | 17Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING AIDSCONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL COMANAGEMENT: SESSION NOTESThere is no blueprint for co-management. Every fishery and the economic, political, environmental,social, human factors pertaining to it are different. Nevertheless, there are a number ofconsiderations that should be borne in mind when initiating a co-management development process.These have been gained from experiences of co-management in various fisheries.1. Clear boundaries will allow those involved to know where their responsibilities lie. Theboundary could be related to ecological features or an area of water. In terms of the RVL theboundary may extend to the 1km zone around the lake shore? International boundariesthrough a fishery usually make management more difficult. In the case of the RVL we haveregional and zonal boundaries to contend with as well as wereda. These pose an additionalchallenge to coordination and effective management.2. Management organisations should be representative of the resource users but not too largeas to impede effective decision making.3. A balance is required to match the capability or capacity of a management organisation withthe right level of mandate or responsibilities. In other words it may practical for organisationsat the kebele level to be responsible for the activities within their locality to the boundary ofthe next kebele.4. It should be clearly defined that those involved in the membership of a co-managementinstitution should be those who have a real stake in the fishery. For example: fishermen,cooperatives, gear owners, traders.5. All resource users should be included in the process from the outset. The resource usersshould be actively involved in decision making from the beginning. It is important to gettheir opinions and ideas at the early stages of a co-management planning process. And toenable them to make decisions as an integral part of the management process. The sense ofownership of the approach must be fostered.6. Traditional knowledge should be factored into the planning and design process.7. The benefits of co-management must be seen by all stakeholders soon for them to remainmotivated to participate.8. There must be an appeal to the individual’s incentives. Some personal gain must beachieved.9. All partners must have a common understanding of the situation, root causes of problemsand agree on appropriate solutions. The objectives must be agreed by all and it must be clearwhere the co-management process is heading.10. There must be commitment to a co-management approach and willingness amongst allparties to participate in and share management responsibilities. This will initially requireeducation and awareness raising about the concept of co-management and discussion onhow it could be initiated.11. Government must be supportive and show this amongst other things in policy andlegislation. This may entail laws related to user rights, management authority structure,participation in co-management, enforcement, formation of organisations12. Government must be willing to delegate control and responsibilities to communities/resourceusers.13. There must be the local political will for co-management to succeed.14. Local govt should be prepared to provide necessary support for enforcement, sanctions,extension and information provision15. Property rights must be established and open access removed so that legal ownership ofthe resources is in place.A n n e x 5 | 18Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report16. Co-management requires capacity building for all those involved. This maytake a long time. It may be seen as a continuous activity.17. External agents such as NGOs, research centres, religious organisations can play animportant facilitating role (knowledge, training, logistical support, finance) for comanagementbut must remain impartial and not create dependency.18. If resources users are used to a reliance on government to provide management and areexpecting government to do everything for them then they will be reluctant to participate inco-management. Where this attitude exists it will need to be changed/influenced.19. Regulations should be simple, clear, understandable and appropriate to the localsituation.20. Enforcement of rules developed in conjunction with resource users. Implementation ofregulations should be flexible and should be a reflection of constant dialogue between themanagers and the stakeholders. Enforcement requires an integrated and coordinatedapproach involving the various agencies responsible e.g. community, fisheries dept, police21. There must be clear and effective mechanism to resolve conflicts and disputes.22. Sanctions or penalties are necessary for those who break management rules. These mayvary from education for the offender to enforcement and arrest. The approach should beflexible and graduated e.g. someone may have to be found to break a rule several timesbefore they are arrested. Early offences are reprimanded with warnings and guidance oncompliance.23. When enforcement is used it should be swift and public and according to the law24. Co-management will necessitate co-ordination, decision making and activities from the localto the national level as well as across geographical areas, administrations and sectors. From apractical institutional point of view this may be best facilitated by an evolution of a series ofcommittees representing different responsibilities and decision making roles at differentlevels. It may be simply community and national? With each RVL proposing representativeswhich join other stakeholders e.g. govt in a RVL Co-management Committee which isresponsible for policy and key development decisions. A kebele, wereda, zonal, regional andfederal apex type system is used on Lake Victoria.25. Alliances and networks can help advocacy and mitigate against powerful outside interests.26. The approach should be open and transparent .27. Management objectives should be monitored and evaluated using standards accepted by allmanagers. Monitoring should involve the community and take advantage of their knowledgeof the resource. They should be involved in data collection and assessing the resource status.28. Characteristics of communities and can influence co-management effectiveness. If theresources users/stakeholders reside near the lake, are homogenous in terms of ethnicity,gears used, religion, kinship, language then these are seen as helpful attributes. Furthermore,if they share a common understanding of the problem and are able to act collectively, this willalso aid co-management.29. Management organisations and committees require strong and effective leadership.30. Co-management will benefit from the efforts of “champions of change”, people who areenthusiastic and prepared to go the extra mile to bring about positive change.31. Resources users and management must be empowered through capacity building so theyfirst of all understand the principles of sustainable resource use and co-management.32. There must be effective communication between all stakeholders involved in comanagement.33. As co-management matures over time there must be the ability to adapt the approach ifneed be.A n n e x 5 | 19Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report34. Existing community/traditional organisations could be integrated into newmanagement structures.35. Adequate funds for planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and enforcementavailable36. Co-management is not going to happen overnight. It will take time and sufficient time shouldbe allocated for this to happen.A n n e x 5 | 20Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportCO-MANAGEMENT PLAN: CASE STUDYA senior Ministry official has just attended a Lake Victoria fisheries management conference in Kenya.They have returned with an overview of how co-management is being applied in that fishery. As aresult of the meeting, the Ministry is now very keen to apply a co-management approach in the RVLarea. As fisheries officers you have been asked by the Ministry to develop a draft co-managementplan for further discussion as part of a FMP process. At the moment the Ministry has requested theco-management plan should simply include details of:a) Why co-management could work and what benefits it will produce for different stakeholdersin RVL areab) The enabling environment required in the RVL area for co-management to be introduced andsucceed and how this can be achievedc) Who should be involved in a co-management process and how they should be involvedd) How co-management could be used in practice to implement different management measuresalready identifiede) The aspects of co-management that will be relatively straightforward to introduce/beacceptablef) The challenges facing co-management in the RVL and how these can be overcomeTask:Using your understanding of co-management, the information on the Lake Victoria fishery and anyother reference material available, including the outputs of previous workshop sessions, develop a comanagementplan that at least covers the issues suggested by the Ministry (2 hrs)Prepare a presentation to be given to a Ministry panel of fisheries experts that will review your planand decide on the next steps (1 hr).A n n e x 5 | 21Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING SESSION PLANSession No: 7 Date: Duration: 1.5 hrsTitle: Action PlanObjectives: Participants will be able to:Identify the next steps in terms of implementation or development of the FMPContent: Training Points Methods TimeIntroduction5. Overview of session and the aim is to develop a series ofnext steps or actions which should be included in the FMP6. Explain that participants will now identify the mainactivities related to the implementation of the FMP andwhat should happen next?Presentation10 minsDevelopmentIntroduce action plan matrixIdentify next steps and actions to be taken by differentstakeholdersPresentationand plenarydiscussion60 minsConclusionBasis for further actions and recommendationsDiscussion andQ & A10 minsTraining materials/aids:Outputs from previous sessionsFMP guideAction plan matrixTarget groups: fishery officers, researchersA n n e x 5 | 22Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINERS NOTESTITLE: Action PlanIntroduction ( min)TrainerTrainees1. Explain the necessity of the session and it providesa way forward for post-workshop phase of theFMP development or implementation processAppreciate the focus and content of the session andthe activities to be performedDevelopment ( hrs )P49 – 55 FMP guidePresent the Action plan matrix as a guide and discusseach heading and what it refers to. Seek examples toillustrate each topic.Ask participants to reflect on the things which need tobe now undertaken in their FMPs in terms of validatingor developing the FMP further (especially if only fisheryofficers have been involved in the process so far therewill be a need for wider stakeholder input). Likewisethere will be activities which are required in terms ofimplementing the plan. It will also be necessary todiscuss the resources required to implement the planor carry out suggested activities.Understand the importance of clarifying the keyactivities which are required for FMP validation, furtherdevelopment and implementation.Identify post-workshop activities necessary for theuptake and development of the FMPEmphasise the need for the FMP to be periodicallyupdated and reviewedDepending on the time available, the matrix could becompleted in plenary or working groups develop theirown matrices and then present these for discussion.Conclusion ( mins)Recap by Q & A on:What are the objectives of an Action Plan?Examples of the sort of things that should beconsidered.Understanding the importance of planning postworkshopactivities reinforcedA n n e x 5 | 23Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTRAINING AIDSACTION PLAN MATRIXPolicy/legislation (new Dataand collectionimplementation)ResearchInstitutionalchangeCapacitybuildingFinancial/ HumanResourcesAwarenessraising/dissemination/lobbyingA n n e x 5 | 24Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 6. Training Workshop ParticipantsName Address Phone/emailBemrew Taddese Fishery Officer, Gamogofa Zone, Dept. ofAgric, PO Box 150, Arbaminch+251 468811961+251 916830957 (mob)Bimrewtad@yahoo.coMaregu Lakew Fishery Extension Officer, Gamogofa Zone,Dept. of Agric, PO Box 150, Arbaminch+251 468810586+251 916854292 (mob)Berhanu Bimbe Fishery Extension Officer, Hawassa TownUrban Agriculture office, PO Box 77, Hawassa+251 911988211 (mob)Kassahun MerkeZegeye WondimuChalachew AragawTiruwork DemileAlayu YalewAysha HassenAhmed KedirMegerssa EndebuBulbula RegassaLaloto SadoreFisheries Research Officer,Southern Agric Research Institute, HawassaAgric Research CentreFishery Extension Officer, Woloayta Zone, Deptof Agric PO Box 42, SodoloRegional Fishery Officer,Amhara Region Bureau of Agric, PO Box 437,Bahir DarFishery Officer, Lihokemkem WoredaAmhara regionFisheries Research Officer, Bahir Dar Fisheryand Aquatic Life Research Centre, PO Box 794,Bahir Dar, Amhara RegionFishery Officer, A/T/J/K WoredaOromia RegionFishery Officer, Arsi Nagelle WoredaOromia RegionFisheries Research Officer, Ziway FisheriesResource Centre, PO Box 229, Ziway, EastShoulaRegional Fisheries Officer, Oromia LivestockDevelopment and Health Agency, Addis AbabaRegional Fisheries Officer, Bureau ofAgriculture, Hawassa, Southern Region+251 911394165 (mob)ekassahunmereke@yahoo.com+251 465512175+251 5513017+251 918704810Chalachew71@hotmail.comChalachew.aragaw@gmail.com+251 913467388+251 911009212+251 918803196alayuyalew@yahoo.comalyayal@gmail.com+251 913467388+251 461160332+251 916111165+251 911044974iamendebu@yahoo.com+251 11 690005+251 911 663451 (mob)Bulbula.regassa@gmail.comBulbula_regassa@yahoo.com+251 911772804lalotosadores@yahoo.comA n n e x 6 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 7. Workshop TimetableMon 4 8.30 Registration9.00 Official opening10.00 Break10.30 Workshop introduction11.30 Fisheries Management Plans12.30 Lunch14.00 Current situation15.30 Break16.00 Current situation17.00 Daily evaluation & closeTues 5 9.00 Recap & overview of day 19.15 Current situation10.30 Break11.00 Current situation12.30 Lunch14.00 Current situation15.00 Break15.30 Current situation17.00 Daily evaluation & closeWed 6 9.00 Recap & overview of day 29.15 FMP purpose & objectives10.30 Break11.00 FMP purpose & objectives12.30 Lunch14.00 FMP purpose & objectives15.30 Break16.00 FMP purpose & objectives17.00 Daily evaluation & closeThurs 7 9.00 Recap & overview of day 39.15 Management measures10.30 Break11.00 Management measures12.30 Lunch14.00 Management measures15.30 Break16.00 Management measures17.00 Daily evaluation & CloseFri 8 9.00 Recap & overview of day 49.15 Co-management10.30 BreakA n n e x 7 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report11.00 Co-management12.30 Lunch14.00 Co-management planning15.30 Break16.00 Co-management planning17.00 Daily evaluation & Close18.00-20.00 Workshop receptionMon 11 7.00 Fieldwork12.30 Lunch14.00 Fieldwork analyses and co-management plan15.30 Break14.00 Fieldwork analyses and co-management plan17.30 Daily evaluation & closeTues 12 9.00 Recap & overview of day 69.15 Action plan and next steps10.30 Break11.00 Action plan & next steps12.30 Lunch14.00 Evaluation15.30 Break16.00 Closing remarks & certificates16.30 Workshop closeA n n e x 7 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 8. Training Evaluation ResultsQuestionAnswer1. Were you of the objectives of this workshop? Fully 100%PartiallyNot at all2. How do you feel about the programmes? Very satisfied 78%Satisfied 12%Fairly satisfiedNot satisfied3. How were the training facilities? Excellent 71%Good 29%FairPoor4. how do you feel the activities of the workshop Interesting 92%were ?Stimulating 8%InformativeNone of the above5. How would you rate the training methods usedgin this workshop?6. How do you the amount of time made availablefor this workshop?7. How do you rate the balance between lecturesand discussions practical?8. How do you rate the importance of this workshopfor your own work?9. How do you rate the relevance of the backgroundmaterial distributed to all participants lecture notes?10. Describe the duration of the sessions? Far too long 8%Too longJust right 84%Too short 8%Far too short11. The theoretical level was? Far too high 8%Too highJust right 84%Too low 8%Far too lowLecture…..Very effective 35%Effective 57%Not effective 8%Practical……very effective 60%Effective 40%Not effectiveFar too much 8%Too muchJust right 84%Too little 8%Far too littleFar too many lectures 8%Too many lecturesJust right 68%Too many discussions/ practical 24%Far too many discussion / practicalVery high 68%High 24%In between 8%LowVery lowHighly relevant 42%Quite relevant 42%About right 16%Not very relevantIrrelevantA n n e x 8 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportQuestionAnswer12. The practical level was? Far too complicated 8%Too complicatedJust right 84%Too simple 8%Far too simple13. The amount of theoretical lectures was? Far too muchToo muchJust right 76%Too little 24%Far too little14. The amount of practical work was? Far too muchToo much 14%Too little 21%Far too littleVery perfect 7%Just right 57%Additional commentsThe training was very practical,implementable. We are very much benefited.Trainers were very cooperative to answer ourquestion.Excellent involvement of the participants ondiscussion. Important issues were addressed.Possible solutions for the current problemswere suggested. Good friendly approach ofthe trainers coordinators, thanksThe training that we took is crucial for ourwork but not enough. The experience sharingis only between ourselves(Ethiopians R.Vlakes) it would have been better if theexperience sharing training was between eastAfricans countries. For future someexperience sharing between well advanced in(FMP) rift valley lakes experts(fishery Officers)should be consideredGenerally I can say I got a knowledge in Comanagementpractical and the way ourtrainers gave the training has given mestimulationThis FMP workshop is first time to me. I amvery happy on this workshop and I gain manythings from this workshop. If it is possibleplease call me again. Thank you for allThe lectures are transparent, have goodapproach towards the participant. Thepresentation of the different reasons was animpact to the workshop participantIt was good training, we learn about allthings. I like a work shopLike the workshop so much. But it seems nottraining; we were acting like a working group.So it looks technical team composed ofdifferent groups thank youA n n e x 8 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportQuestionAnswerThe workshop found to be useful and givenknowledge share from different grounds. Ifmore Amharic language speaking period(sessions) was used for those who areinterested of English language would havebeen excellent. Even though it is quite enoughto congratulate the trainers for their excellentof their best sharing what they know. Goodluck for the foreign trainers on this journeyhome and the home to the local trainers.This workshop for fishery staff is veryimportant. A given new light. Everything is ok.A n n e x 8 | 3Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 9. Lake Chamo Fisheries Management PlanREVISED DRAFTLAKE CHAMOFISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLANWORKING DOCUMENTApril 20 2011Agricultural Extension Directorate Ministryof AgricultureA n n e x 9 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportA n n e x 9 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportINTRODUCTIONInland fisheries such as Lake Chamo tend to be undervalued yet are vital to the livelihoods and foodsecurity of thousands of people. Unfortunately, irresponsible fishing practices, habitat loss anddegradation, water abstraction, drainage of wetlands and pollution have led to substantial changes tomany inland water bodies. Furthermore, the poor state of knowledge of inland fishery resources andtheir ecosystems has hindered proper management decision making.A fisheries management plan is a formal or informal arrangement between a fishery managementauthority and interested parties which identifies the partners in the fishery and their respective roles,details the agreed objectives for the fishery and specifies the management rules and regulationswhich apply to it and provides other details about the fishery which are relevant to the task ofmanagement.Management plans serve as a reference and information source for the management authority and allinterest groups, summarizing the current state of knowledge on the resource, its environment and thefishery, and reflecting all the decisions and actions agreed upon during the course of consultationsbetween the management authority and the interest groups. Ensuring plans are developed andimplemented for all fisheries helps to avoid planned management measures on one fishery creatingunforeseen problems and externalities in a neighbour fishery for which no plan is available. Successfulmanagement plans are working documents constantly referred to by fishery managers and open tochanges.This FMP is a working document developed by the ACP Fish II Programme in conjunction withgovernment fisheries staff from SNNPRS Region and the Ministry of Agriculture. It is supportive of theGovernment’s current Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 – 2015 (MoFED 2010) as well as theFederal fisheries utilization proclamation 315/2003 which promotes sustainable management,biodiversity conservation, whilst at same time ensuring food security.A first draft of the FMP was discussed and validated at a meeting at the Tadesse Enjory Hotel,Hawassa on April 18 2011, attended by key Federal, Regional, Zone government and NechisarNational Park stakeholders. This revised draft requires discussion with a wider range of stakeholdersin terms of its reflection of the current situation, proposed goals and objectives and managementmeasures. The FMP also proposes a possible co-management approach which requires validation andconsultation with those who would be involved in the management process itself.Lake area and geographical locationLake Chamo, the second largest lake in the Rift Valley next to Lake Abaya, is located in the SouthernNations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS) at an altitude of 1282 m a s l. It issituated at the coordinates Latitude 5 50 N, Longitude 37 37’E. It has a surface area of 550 km 2 , amean depth of 6 m, shoreline length of 118 km and a wide catchment area of 14500km 2 . The majorin flowing rivers are R. Kulfo and R. Sago from the north and west (Fig. 1, map of lake).A n n e x 9 | 3Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTo Arba MinchKulfo R.MTAKulfoayneGanjule IslandNNechisar NationalParkBedenaGetachewLAKE CHAMOBoleElgoSegenWoseka•AshowaTo KonsoGumaydeSokeSugaRoads• Towns and villagesPerrennial riversSagan Landing site or campPark boundaryFigure 1. Map of Lake Chamo showing location and some fish landing site campsFish species compositionLakes Abaya and Chamo are different from other Rift Valley Lakes to the north in that they have highdiversity of the fish fauna. More than 20 species of fish have been listed from Lake Chamo (JERBE1998). However the commercially important ones are only four - Oreochromis niloticus, (tilapia),Lates niloticus (Nile perch), and the cat fishes - Bagrus docmak and Clarias gariepinus.Table 1: Fish commonly appearing in the commercial catch – Lake ChamoSpecies name Common name Local name RemarkOreochromis niloticus Tilapia KodaLates niloticus Nile perch Nech asaBagrus sp. Bagrid catfish KerkeroClarias gariepinus Catfish AmbazaBarbus sp. Barbs BarboLabeo horie Labeo BarboSynodontis schall Synodontis Qoche No marketHydrosynus forskali Tiger fish Balebandira No marketMormyrus sp. Mormyrus Shotata No marketBiology of the major fish speciesThe biology of the major species of economically important species like the Nile perch, tilapia andcatfish has been studied by researchers. It is known that the tilapia and the catfishes breed in theshallow vegetated belt of the lake. Nile perch breeds in the deeper open water of the pelagic zone orit could also move into the estuarine area of the river mouth to spawn. In Lake Turkana it is knownthat Lates niloticus move to the mouth of the River Omo to spawn at the start of the flooding season.The spawning period for most fish species is during the wet period when the water level starts to riseand influx of fresh nutrient from the land comes into the lake. In Lake Chamo also the Nile perchmoves into the Kulfo River mouth area inside the protected National Park (fig. 1) to spawn.The adult Nile perch is mostly found in the deeper pelagic zone but the young ones are found also inthe shallow areas of the lake where they feed on zooplankton and invertebrates. A study of thefeeding, growth and reproduction of the Nile perch on Lake Chamo was undertaken by the AwasaAgricultural College in collaboration with the BoA and LFDP. The average length at first breeding (L 50 )for the Lates niloticus was found to be 88 cm for males and 108 cm total lengths for female (EliasDadebo, 2001).A n n e x 9 | 4Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportThe tilapia and the catfishes spawn during the rainy season mainly in the undisturbedNational Park reserve. The size at maturity of O. niloticus in Lake Chamo is about 30 cm as indicatedin the LFDP report. Hence, this size could be easily attractive for the market and fishers may use gillnets of smaller mesh than allowed to collect and bring it to the market.The Nile perch and Bagrus docmac are strictly predators, feeding mainly on small fishes. The Clariascatfish is an opportunistic feeder on wider food categories both of animal and plant origin. Thedistribution of this species differs seasonally as it moves into the shallow vegetated zone during thewet breeding period. In Lake Chamo the average size at maturity (L 50) for Clarias gariepinus is 58 cmfor females and 52 cm for males. The peak breeding season is March – June (Elias Dadebo, 2001).The reproductive biology of the cyprinid fish, Labeo horie, in Lake Chamo has been studied by aresearcher from Addis Ababa University (Elias Dadebo, 2001). Labeo horie has been among thedominant species in the catch of Lake Chamo fishery until recently until about 2001. The size atmaturity of Labeo horie is 52 cm for the male and 62cm for the female. The main breeding season isduring March –May. Labeo horie is a migratory fish species. It is known to migrate in to the riverineenvironment during the breeding season. During which time it exposed to heavy fishing pressure. Itis proposed that the disappearance of Labeo from the Chamo is caused by the compounded impact ofover-fishing and foraging by Nile perch for which it was the favoured prey (ref.....) on the lake andthe intensive human activities – like water extraction and diversion of the water course – which havealtered the river systems flowing into the lake disrupting breeding.Fishing areas, fishing gears and methodThe main fishing gears and methods employed by the fishery on Lake Chamo targets the Nile perch,Bagrus and tilapia. The Clarias cat fish is not a commercial attraction in this lake. The Fishers usemainly gillnets and hooks for the target species. However, the type and size of the gill nets and hooksize are different for the Nile perch and for other species. The tilapia gill net has narrower mesh andthinner twine than the Nile perch gill net. The long line hooks are mainly for the Nile perch and thecatfishes. The gill nets, however, are most often operated as seine net and dragged in the shallowfishing areas sweeping the ground and indiscriminately collecting the juvenile tilapia as well. This isconsidered illegal by the office but still is practiced by many illegal fishers. The practice is alsodangerous as it risks the fisher to attack by crocodile while wading in the deeper lake water. Fishermen are often attacked and killed by crocodiles. This unfortunate incident was observed during thecurrent field visit by the study team, where a fisherman was badly beaten and seriously wounded bya crocodile on the leg.Another illegal fishing practice is the use of gill nets for the chase and trap fishing by beating thewater after setting the net. The recommended minimum stretched mesh size for the Tilapia gill net is20 to 24 cm and for Nile perch from 28 to 35 cm 30 - 40cm (LFDP 1997). The use of monofilamentgill nets is forbidden.Part of the Lake Chamo (about 48 km 2 ) lies in the Nechsar National Park, which is underconservation, not accessible to the public (or fishers) under the rules. The park domain of the lakewas at one moment under the private management, African Parks, and during that time there wasstrict guarding of the territory. The lake area under the park is shallow and vegetated serving as agood breeding ground for the major fish species including tilapia. This effective closure from thefishery served as a sanctuary and many of the fish stocks revived due to this management of the parkas indicated by the Zone fishery expert.The fishing craft is mainly the raft made from very light wood but few have wooden plank boats(Table 2). The fisher cooperatives have motorized collection boats used to collect the catch from thescattered fish landing camps around the lake (Fig. 1). The fishermen do not live by the lake side butwill camp for periods of up to one month fishing. The selection of a camping site is based on theavailability of collecting boats and the expected catch on the nearby fishing grounds. There wereabout 30 camping or landing sites, reported by LFDP 1997 but the number of fishermen campingor landing sites have increased to 51 according to the recent study (Zerihn Dejene, 2008). The sitesA n n e x 9 | 5Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportwere located almost throughout the shore, except at the shore of the closed area(Nech Sar National Park).Annual fish catch data and trendsThe annual catch data records for five years 2001 – 2005, obtained from a recent study (RVLB study,2007) indicates a constant decreasing trend in the total landing from the Lake Chamo (Table 1).Observing the data on the current effort (Table 2), supplied from the Gamu Gofa Zone AgricultureOffice, this decreasing trend could not be a surprise. The total effort obtained from the survey madeby the Zone agriculture Office indicates the current (2010) situation has exceeded the recommendedeffort size of tilapia nets (880) by almost three fold (2299) and the Nile perch nets even more –recommended 100 nets but on the ground 778 were found operational. The effort levels wererecommendations set by the fishery professionals of Zone Agriculture office to be used asmanagement guidelines.Apart from this it was indicated that the some fishers use gill nets of smaller mesh than permitted. Astudy made in 2008 (Zerihun Dejene, 2008) indicates that almost 87 % of the tilapia nets and 94 %of the Nile perch nets had mesh sizes smaller than the recommended sizes by LFDP.Although the Southern Region has all the necessary fishery laws, regulations and directives in place,the implementation is not yet made practical. This is apparently due to the lack of awareness amongthe users/stake holders (at all levels) that should be processed soon.In the meantime the unlimited effort increase due to the open access management system hascaused over-fishing of the Nile perch and tilapia. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) had decreased tothe extent that the income from the fishery could not support the livelihood. Many fishers were forcedto abandon the fishery – which is a sign of a collapsing fishery as reported in RVLB Master Plan Study2007.Table 2: Annual Fish Catch data (all species) from the Lake ChamoLake Total Fish Catch by Year (tonnes) Remark00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05Chamo 3358 3446 2712 2519 2327 Zone Agr. AMSource,:- RVLB Master plan studies 2007[It is understood more recent catch data is available from MoA but this was not made available forthis draft]Catch per unit effort (CPUE)This vital information required for the management of the lake’s fishery is not available. Only abaseline survey and fishing gear inventory was conducted during 2006 that provided the data on thetotal effort at the time. Shortage of fishery officers and frequent transfer of fishery staff to otherduties has been indicated as a major problem for this. It is also indicated that the budget allocationfor the fishery sector was a problem to execute the data collection program.It has been attempted to get information on cpue by asking the fishers, but it was found veryunreliable and most fishers were not willing to provide. So, staff allocation is one important point tothink about during the FMP implementation. The cpue data is a reliable indicator of stock condition,trend analysis and monitoring tool.Catch size compositionLength frequency (l/f) data collection was practiced during the fishery project period of the early 90’s.In this exercise the l/f data was used with catch and effort data to estimate the recruitment size ofthe tilapia and the Nile perch. In this way one could follow and monitor the trend of the fishery whena good data collection system is developed and maintained. In this exercise the LFDP report indicatesthat the Nile perch stock was over-exploited while the tilapia stock was still possible to carry morefishing effort at the time.A n n e x 9 | 6Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportThis data collection analysis is hardly observed being carried out for quite few yearsafter the project phased out. Data that shows the population size structure is very essential in themonitoring and management of the fishery. The sampling and recording of length frequency datafrom the catch is one indicator of weather the stock is in a healthy state and indicates trend. The useof under sized mesh gill nets, when operated illegally, could be traced from the fish size compositiondata structure. However, it requires manpower and facilities to undertake such data collectionprogram.Seasonal fish catchesIn Ethiopia fish consumption pattern is seasonal and in this regard the demand and fish supplybecome seasonal. The high fish consumption season is March-April for two months and during Julyfor two weeks. Although fish has nowadays increased demand throughout the years there is theseasonal pulse in fishing intensity and demand is still in effect. For some fish species like tilapia this isnot a good season as it affects the breeding stock on the spawning ground unless strict controlmeasure is applied by the management.Fishing effort (canoes, gears)The following table shows the type of fishing craft and gill nets used. It also shows the fishingpressure exerted on the fish stocks as compared to the recommended figures. The data was obtainedfrom the Zone Fishery office, during a recent study and updated to the current situation. The lack ofenforcement of the fishery licensing law could be seen to have increased the fishing effort to analarming size.Table 3: Lake Chamo fishery – current Fishing effort (data from Zone Agri Office, 2006inventory updated for number of fishers’ coops, 2010)Fishery FM Ass.Gill nets Hoo Raft PlankcoopsFM T N Np N kBt.AM coop 151 158 500 320 790 150 32Chamo coop 32 60 99 33 500 33Leto 81 -Sago 122 -Harura Boshe 80 -Abulo Alfecho 60 -Derashie 70 -Ind. FM 1500 - 1700 425 4250 850Total 2096 218 2299(880) 778 5540 1033 32(100)Data obtained from Zone Agr. Office AMFM = Fishermen; TN = tilapia net; NpN= Nile perch net; AM = Arba Minch(880) = recommended effort size (zone Agr. Office Arba Minch)Stock assessments data and description of assessment methodsNile Perch is commercially the most important species in the fishery of Lake Chamo. The demand forit has significantly increased during the years. The maximum increase in Nile perch catch wasobserved during 1995-96 when the new type of gill net (Gancho net) was introduced. With this typeof fishing method the total landings of Nile Perch increased from a monthly level of around 10 to 20tons to 190 tons. The net had wide mesh size and very strong twine to catch the large and old fish inthe population. The LFDP report indicates that since then the total landings have dropped sharply andremained low. This could be taken as an indication of the maximum production capacity of the lakefor Nile perch.Based on this information it was necessary to study the breeding and growth of the species whichwas done in collaboration of researchers from the local university. This study showed the highfecundity of the fish (ovaries with 15.5 million eggs) and the breeding size (100 cm) of the fish thatcould be used for management of the stock.A n n e x 9 | 7Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStock assessment and estimation of the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is essentialinformation in the fishery management process. However, this practice requires extensive datacollection for a long uninterrupted period. Also because fish stocks could be affected due to variousfactors environmental or man-made the information should be updated periodically. Good monitoringand follow up is also necessary.In the case of Lake Chamo the MSY has been estimated based on annual catch data collected oversome years during the project and also using empirical formulas from studies made on similarsituations. The MSY estimate for Lake Chamo was 4500 ton/year for all species based on acombination of empirical models. This figure was arrived at based on the limnological conditions ofthe lake at the time, over 15 years back. The estimate, therefore, may have been affected byenvironmental and other human induced changes. Hence it will be essential and a priority toundertake the stock assessment research to update the information and revise the FMP in a shorttime interval. The precautionary management approach is an advantage under the situation.Current status of stocks and indicators of exploitationThe Nile perch stock is evidently over-exploited as seen from the overall catch composition from thelake. The current catch from the lake is mainly tilapia. The increase in fishing nets and rafts has madethe situation much worse over the years and the Zone Agriculture fishery office has now established atask force to improve the monitoring and control over the Lake Chamo fishery.The research from 2008 (Zerihun Dejene, 2008) indicates that based on number, only three species(i.e. O. niloticus, L. niloticus and C. gariepinus) were important in the landings during the studyperiod. The numerical contribution of the other three species; dockmak, horie, and intermedius to thetotal landing was insignificant. O. nilot icus was markedly dominant in the fisheries, contributing morethan 94% by number during the study period. The contribution of L. niloticus was 2.1 %, and that ofC. gariepinus was 3.3%.Labeo horie which used to be among the major catch some ten years ago is completely gone fromthe fishery and did not revive even after the closure of the park area for the fishery. Apart from thefishing on the lake the Labeo stock had extra negative impact from the water extraction and diversionof rivers where the fish migrate to breed.Also some species like the Mormyrids, though not important in the commercial fishery are diminishingin stock size due to other causes related to the aquatic environment impacted by the shore basedactivities.Stock size indicators like cpue, total catch or length frequency data should be collected in the futuremonitoring exercise. The decline in total catch is the indicator of stock trend from the available data.ECOLOGICALEnvironmental influences on productivity,Over-fishing and lake shore modification have been implicated as causes for serious changes in thelimnology of Lake Chamo. That the lake is facing limnological crisis can be inferred from the 1978mass kills of fish and wildlife in Lake Chamo, following algal blooms of possibly toxic strains of bluegreens(Microcysits).A serious concern is pollution from the emerging industries (textile, tannery) and state farms(pesticides, fertilizers), which requires legislative intervention. Burning and clearing of the riparianforests and grassland is widely practiced by the indigenous people around the park and the lake,leading to widespread habitat changes, siltation and wildlife migration.Additionally, Lake Chamo suffers from high catchment degradation because of the loose volcanic soil,high degree of human and livestock pressure and large state-farms and investments in the area. AllA n n e x 9 | 8Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportthese call for enforcement and implementation of federal regulations, and enactmentof new ones at regional and local levels to arrest the impending ecological crisis.Indiscriminate destruction of the submerged reeds in the shallow area of the lake (the reed-belt) thatused to serve as a refuge and breeding site for certain fish species like tilapia, catfish and other fishspecies has negative impact on the fish stocks. A recent pollution threat to the aquatic environment isthe use of plastic bottles by large number of fishermen as floaters for the gill nets and left in thewater.SOCIO-ECONOMICIt is known that Lake Chamo is a productive lake containing diverse fish fauna of high commercialvalues. As such its economic contribution to the national as well as to the local economy is verysignificant. Apart from providing food security to the local community at all times throughout theyear, it creates job opportunities for the commercial fishers who earn their livelihood from the fishery.The high quality of the fish in the lake fetches good income to the fisher community. Current (March2011) first point of sale prices for fish from Lake Chamo were 60, 50 and 38 Birr/kg respectively forNile perch, Bagrus and tilapia. This is a large income as compared for the crop producers.The fishers engaged on Lake Chamo are of two categories the cooperative units (“legal” fishers) andthe individual or independent fishers (“illegal”). During the fishing operation the fishers stay campingand stay there fishing up to one month. There are over thirty camps and fish is landed there andprocessed before the buyer comes and collects it. The fishery coops have motorised collection boats.Members of the fishing community have diverse background. Some have been to school andcompleted high school while others come from the surrounding farm. Still others find job opportunityin the fishery after having been to other profession like in the military. There are a mix of ethnicgroups working in the fishery.Fisheries development creates wide job opportunities. In the fishery industry the fishing gear supplier,the fish processor, the fish distributor and the restaurant owner are all beneficiaries from thefisheries. It is said that a single fisherman provides job for about five other persons. Hence it isreferred as main income generating activity.Fish provides high quality protein and minerals and in this respect it supports a healthy growth to thelocal community. Lake Chamo being the second largest in the Rift Valley has big contribution to theRegional economy. The development of the fishery industry contributes to foreign exchange earningsfor the government direct through fish export or indirect through import substitution. The Nile perchis a high value fish product in the international market.At the moment it is known that a large number of the local community is engaged in the fishery fortheir livelihood. This, however, could only be sustained under proper management practices toconserve the aquatic environment and by limiting the number of users by licensing. Under openaccess type of management where the users have no ownership rights it will be difficult to ensuresustainable benefit.It is indicted that currently about 2300 fishers earn their income from the fishery. Including serviceproviders and post-harvest activities, it is estimated that approximately 12,000 people may earn theirliving directly or indirectly from the fishery. Assuming the lowest catch, from Table 1, above of 2327ton of whole fish was landed by fishers and the proportion was 10% Nile Perch, 80% tilapia and 10%Bagrus and the fillet yield is 35% then gross income from the fishery based on the current prices offillets given above, would be:230.27 tonnes x 35% of NP @ 60,000 brr/tonne = 4,874,100 brr1861.6 tonnes tilapia @ 38,000 brr/tonne = 24,759,280 brrA n n e x 9 | 9Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report230.27 tonnes bagrus @ 50,000 brr/tonne = 4,029,725 brrTotal = 33,663,105 brr per annum.This is equivalent to an average gross income of 14,600 brr per fisher per year. Equivalent to US$860per annum.POLICY & MANAGEMENTLake Chamo is located within the SNNPRS in Gamu Gofa Zone, Arba Minch Zuria Wereda. TheSouthern Region (SNNPRS) is the first to prepare and enact fishery legislation after the FederalFishery Law, Proclamation No. 315/2003 was proclaimed. This fishery law was ratified in 2004 -Also the necessary regulations or bylaw and directives to implement the fishery law have beenprepared and released for application:–Legislation, bylaws, directive related to fisheries, and a watershed managementSNNPRG Fish Resource Management, Development & Control proclamation No. 78/2004(78/11997).Federal Fisheries development & Utilization -- (315/1995)SNNPRG Fish Resource Management, Development & Control by-law 62/1999SNNPRG Agricultural Bureau Fish Resource Management, Development directives, May 2008However, this management law has not been popularised/ promoted to the concerned stake holdersto create a conducive environment for implementation and enforcement with a commonunderstanding of the fishing community and other stake holders to protect the fishery resources inthe various lakes in the Region. The necessary awareness workshop to the concerned stake holderswas not given due to financial and other technical problems. The awareness and understanding of theresource users, main stakeholders, is very essential for effective implementation of the regulationswhich introduces the licensing as a new measure. The awareness of the other stake holders that willbe partners in the enforcement of the law is also important.In the absence of this the management practice at the Lake Chamo fisheries has been based ondirectives from the Zone Agriculture office as the situation demands. This could be taken asmanagement decision control that comes as a reaction to counter or control the problems observed.In these attempts various management systems were used for the fisheries of Lake Chamo. The ZoneAgriculture office has established a Task Force (TF) to undertake the follow up, monitoring andenforcement of fishery management measures. This TF includes members from the WeredaAdministration, the Cooperative Office, the Security & Justice, the Fishery coop, the Nech sar Park,Fish Trading Enterprise (FPME) and Zone fishery Expert as a chair. They have set up managementmeasures they enforce to ensure the sustainability of the fishery.The following are some of the attempted management measures:Closed area - Part of Lake Chamo is under Nechi Sar National Park ( 48 km 2 ) – closingthis area for any type of fishing activity has proved effective in reviving some of thedepleted fish stocks like tilapiaReed belt and river mouth area – only reserved for subsistence fishingA n n e x 9 | 10Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportMesh regulation - the tilapia and Nile perch gill nets have minimummesh size set based on the size at maturity – this is 28 to 35 cm for tilapia and 30 -40cm for Nile perchRestriction of fishing methods – Chase & Trap and beach seining prohibitedOutput fish size control - Discourage under-sized fish in the marketHow are management measures applied?Give awareness first to the user groupThe Task force randomly check these areas and confiscate prohibited gear or fishing netsset in prohibited, closed areas of the lakeBanningThough the attempt form the concerned office and stake holders is very noble, the success inachieving of the intended goal has not been very satisfying. The TF had a great challenge of gettingthe job done. This is due to various factors including the lack of legal backing – based only ondirectives. Hence it is essential to have the fishery law made practically applied in a short period withthe necessary groundwork completed. This means the required awareness workshop conducted, themanpower and budget allocated and the logistics for the monitoring and control made available.The problems faced by the management presently are indicated below.Lack of community participation,inadequate financial supportlack of coordination in controlling degradation at water catchments areas;inadequate regulatory system on over-fishing;improper land use management and lack of buffer zone delineation;These problems should be dealt with through intensive awareness building of the local communityand fishers and convincing the participation of concerned government stakeholders whosedevelopment programs impact the catchment and the aquatic environment. As observed thecommitted involvement of the NNP has brought change in reviving some fish stocks that use theclosed Park area of the lake as refuge and breeding grounds. The effective implementation of theFPM depends on the commitment and active participation of concerned stake holders that will be partof the management committee in the envisaged co-management of the Lake Chamo Fishery.It will be necessary for some of the stake holders like the Environment, land use planning,cooperative office and the District Administration have strong commitment and contribute financiallyand in terms of participation and awareness building to make the management effective.Legal backing is another important point to consider. The attempted licensing of fishers by the ZoneAgriculture office some years back failed because it did not get the required support and legalprotection from the concerned stake holders, justice and security. Hence it is important to have thealready existing law practiced effectively on the ground as soon as possible. The management teamto be formed from the different stake holders identified should also have a legal recognition inenforcing the management measures.A n n e x 9 | 11Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportWith regard to the problem with the Labeo horie fish stock that has almostdisappeared from the lake it is suggested that management measures to rehabilitate the inflowingrivers, Kolfo, Sillie and Sego will be commendable. As this Labeo species is migratory in to the riversfor its breeding, this measure could help in reviving the stock.Since it would likely be necessary to remove some of the fishing effort (fishermen) from the lake itwould make the management easy to identify some job creating opportunities in the area. Thus it ispossible to consider sport fishing and tourism development activities, or value addition activitiesthrough processing and improving the quality of the fish products.The following management measures were suggested by the LFDP II to protect Chamo forsustainable use.licensing: Each fishermen should obtain a licence to be issued by Ministry of Agriculture-Woreda office (BoA). It should state the bearer's name, photograph, kind and number of thegear he/she has, the expire date, and address. Licences are personal and not-transferable.They would be valid for lake Chamo only. These licences will be given for up to: 50 Nile Perchnets; 250 Tilapia nets; and 530 Labeo nets. Licences for Nile Perch nets will be awarded on apro-rata basis of the existing numbers. Licenses for Tilapia and Labeo nets will be given toany fisherman asking for them, until the TRP are achieved. No fishing is allowed without avalid licence.Taxes on effort: In accordance with the constitution the BoA will issue licenses against thepayment of a fee. The fee amount will be defined taking into account average catch rates,price of fish and management objectives. For instance, a higher fee may be asked for NilePerch nets than for Labeo nets.Closed areas: It is proposed that the part of the lake bordering on Nechesar park be made apermanently closed area for fishery. This should help stabilising the catches from the rest ofthe lake and guarantying a minimum recruitment for all species. In addition, it has obviousbeneficial impacts on the wildlife of the park itself. Here monitoring as well as controlling willbe done by Nech Sar National Park.Gear specifications: Minimum mesh sizes are necessary to ensure a minimum escape ofmature fish and protect recruitment. Here the minimum mesh size for Nile Perch nets wasdetermined based on the selection factors observed on other African lakes. The minimummesh size for Tilapia and Labeo net was determined from the observation of the lengthfrequency and exploratory fishing. The proposed gear specifications are summarised in table9 below.The gear sizes for the three important fish in Lake Chamo.SpeciesMaximumnetlength(m)Maximum netwidth(m)Minimumstretchedmesh size(cm)Minimum twinesizeNile perch 100 3 28 210/36Tilapia 50 3 20 210/24Labeo 50 2.5 12 210/15Forbidden gears : It is proposed to ban Gancho nets and monofilament nets.A n n e x 9 | 12Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStakeholder analysisThere are a number of stakeholders who are directly involved in the exploitation of the fisheryresources, the utilization of resources within the lake ecosystem, governance and management. Thestakeholder analysis in Table 3 provides an overview of these different public, private, civil societyand academic institutions and stakeholders. It summarises their perceived role in the FMPdevelopment and implementation processes.Some stakeholders such as resource users, the Bureau of Agriculture and fishery cooperatives areprimary stakeholders who have a direct interest, responsibility and accountability for fishery resourcesconservation and use. Others, such as the local Administration, the Cooperative Promotion Officesand Environment Protection Authority are seen as partners responsible for facilitating theimplementation of the FMP.Whilst a number of stakeholders have been clearly identified here, there is now a need to initiate adialogue with them regarding the content of this draft FMP which has been developed by the ACPFish II programme in conjunction with representatives from the Regional Bureau of Agriculture, Zoneand woreda fishery officers.Table 4: Lake Chamo FMP Stakeholder AnalysisStakeholders Involvement in Involvement in FMP implementationFMP processPublicCouncil office Inform them Form & coordinate task forceApprove budget to implement FMPBureau of Agriculture(BoA)Bureau of WaterResourcesCoop & MarketingEnvironmentalProtection & Land UseAuthorityInvestment BureauTrade & IndustryTax OfficeCourtJustice & SecurityBureauParks, Hotels&TourismDiscuss with thedifferentdepartmentsParticipate in thediscussionParticipate in thediscussionInvolve them in thediscussionGive theminformationGive theminformationGive theminformationGive theminformationGive theminformationInvolve them in thediscussionPrepare guideline, participate in task force, Monitorand evaluate in collaboration with others, EnforceProclamationsInvolved in economic use of water and water qualityassessmentGive permission for water abstraction and pumping.As task force member and organise coop and followupDo environmental impact assessment (EIA)Enforce ProclamationsGive licenses based on information given by BoA &EPAGive licenses to fish traders based on informationgiven by BoACollect tax appropriately, high taxation to discourageQuick response to the casesParticipate in the task force, Prosecution of those whocontravene lawParticipate in the task force, discourage under sizedfishesHealth Bureau Involve them in the Act the by- laws on hygienediscussionMedia Give information Awareness raising of communitiesPrivateA n n e x 9 | 13Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStakeholdersFishermen CoopInvolvement inFMP processInvolve them in thediscussionInvolvement in FMP implementationParticipate in the task force, discourage under sizedfishes, control fishing gears, Awareness raising oftheir membersAct according to FMPFishermenInvolve them indiscussionFish TradersInvolve them in the Discourage under sized fishes, Aware consumersdiscussionIndustriesInvolve them in the Act according to the lawdiscussionFloricultureInvolve them in the Act according to the lawdiscussionFinancial inst. Give information Create facilitation for fisheries and investorsConsumers /Hotels, Give information Discourage under sized fishesetc/Farmers /around Involve them in the Their leaders participate in task forcewater bodies/discussionCivic societyNGO /UNDP-small ConsultFinancial Support and projects to supportgrant, SOS Sahel,implementationNorwegian Church aidSchool EnvironmentalClubsAcademicInstitutionsUniversities /Hawassa,Arbaminch, Sodo,/Agriculture ResearchCentreGive informationInvolve them in thediscussionInvolve them in thediscussionParticipate in awareness creationStrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)Participate in data analysis, Monitoring & EvaluationParticipate in data collection, analysis, Monitoring &EvaluationA strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is a useful way of assessing thecurrent situation and identifying factors to be covered in the management plan. Table 4 provides asummary of the current strengths which influence the FMP goals and objectives, weaknesses whichthe plan should consider, opportunities may help implement and achieve the objectives and threatsthat may prevent successful implementation.Table 5: Lake Chamo current situation SWOTStrength Weakness Opportunities ThreatsAvailability of LegalFrameworkGrowing fish demandIncreasing fish priceLaws & regulations are notfully exercisedWeak linkage andcoordination betweendifferent stakeholdersOpen access nature of thefisheryEnvironmentalprotection andconservation is aglobal issueGrowing aquaculturedemand /ponds,dams/ may reducepressure of resourceFive yearDevelopment &Transformation plansupportive of fisherydevelopmentFrequentinstitutionalchangesGrowing populationpressureGrowingenvironmentaldegradationA n n e x 9 | 14Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStrength Weakness Opportunities ThreatsEmphasis by governmentgiven to the fishery sectorLimited alternativeemployment opportunitiesGrowinginfrastructuraldevelopment(Telephone,Electricity, accessroad etc.)Water shortage dueto river diversionOrganised cooperativesAdequate biologicalinformation (Commerciallytargeted species)Trained fishermen/allowed & not allowed/,fishing gear making etc/Current watershedmanagement activities inall kebeles of the regionExistence of strong kebeleadministrationAvailability of local media(radio, newspaper etc)Weak data collectionsystemFrequent institutionalChange /less attentiongiven to the sector by thegov,/Pollution due to ofunplanned urbanizationConflict between users/fishermen with fishermen,fishermen with wetlandresource users/Encroachment of wetlandsNo organised fishing gearssuppliersLimited number of wellorganised fish tradersLimited availability offinancial resources for thesectorNo specialized park scouts/Lack some resources/Lack of integrated largescale fishery developmentprojectsNGOs interest towork onenvironmentalprotectionProposed FMP Management ApproachGiven the indicated overexploitation of the fishery resources, problems of environmental degradation,the lack of current information on stocks and other key issues and the apparent lack of managementof the fishery it is proposed that future management of the fishery would reflect a precautionary,adaptive, proactive approach. The government policy move towards decentralization and the failureof a command style management approach supports the need to evolve a co-management process.The following summarizes the key principles:A n n e x 9 | 15Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportPrecautionary – be careful…..if there is insufficient knowledge to makeaccurate management decisions then set the targets low;Adaptive - trial and error to find the right management measures….and monitor and adjustquickly if need be;Proactive - long term view…..what do we need to do to create a sustainablefishery?.....before problems occur;Co-management - partnership between govt and resources users where by managementresponsibilities are shared….resource users participate more actively in management.Focus of the FMPThis section outlines the purpose, goals and objectives of the FMP is designed to provide the wayforward for the fishery and what the FMP is designed to achieve.PurposeThe FMP has a single purpose which is designed to be general proactive statement which reflectssustainable development. The purpose is:“Sustain the benefits from fishery resources by maintaining the biodiversity and theenvironment through effective participation of fisher community as well as other relevantstakeholders.”The purpose is also supportive of the Federal Government Fisheries Development and UtilizationProclamation 315/2003 objectives which are:“To conserve fish biodiversity and its environment as well as to prevent and control overexploitationof the fisheries resource”“To increase the supply of safe and good quality fish and to ensure a sustainable contribution of thefisheries towards food security”Goalsthe FMP goals focus on biological, economic and social aspects of what we would like the fishery toachieve. The extent to which the economic and social goals will be achieved is influence by thebiological limits of the resource. The FMP for Lake Chamo has four goals (Table 5):BiologicalEconomicSocialEcologicalTo optimize sustainable fish productionTo maximize the net incomes of fishing communitiesTo maintain food security of the nearby communities and current job opportunitiescreated by fishing activity, fish trading, fish processing and related petty tradeTo protect the aquatic and lakeshore environments from misuse and degradationWhen combined together, these goals will achieve the purpose of the FMP.ObjectivesObjectives are measurable changes that will be realized when the FMP is successful. Each objectiveincludes verb, indicator, relation and reference point. The objectives are measured usingA n n e x 9 | 16Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportmanagement standards, which referred to the indicator and reference point states inthe objective. Table 5 provides a summary of objectives and management standards.For the biological goal the objectives are related to the harvesting of the two key commercialspecies:“Maintain half the average CPUE of Tilapia net which was achieved when the fish landings were attheir peak in 2002”“Maintain half average CPUE of Nile Perch Net which was achieved when the fish landings were attheir peak in 1995”The CPUE is used here as the indicator due to the lack of information on stocks. Even though CPUEdata is also lacking it is possible to make some assumptions and approximate calculations to guidethe use of these objectives until more data on the current status of stocks and biological limits isavailable. In 2002 when the total catch peaked at 3400 tonnes, it is assumed that landings of tilapiawere at or near the MSY level at that time and hence this is used as a reference point. See Table 3.After this time the landings began to decline possibly due to over fishing beyond the MSY. There is nodata on the catch composition at that time so it is assumed that 60% of the catch was tilapia and30% Nile perch.Assuming that in 2002 the tilapia fishery was purely a gillnet fishery and that the number of nets inuse was the number recommended by the BoA of 880 then an approximate CPUE for tilapia for thatyear was 880 nets/2000 tonnes catch = 2.3 tonnes per net per year or 44 kg per week per net or6.3kg per net per day (assuming a 7 day fishing week). Here the reference point of at least 50% ofthis figure is approximately 3.15 kg of fish per net per day. The CPUE has also been estimated at 10.2kg per net per day in 2002 giving a target of 5.1 kg per net per day. There is therefore a target rangeof 3.15 to 5.1 kg of tilapia per net per day in order to achieve the objective.In 1995 the average Nile perch landings were said to be at their peak of 190 tonnes per month or2300 tonnes per annum. It is not clear what the catch per unit effort was then but assuming therecommended 100 nets was employed then the catch per net would have been 23 tonnes per net perannum or 442 kg per net per week (63 kg per day). This roughly corresponds with a current BoAestimate of CPUE of 50 kg per net per day for that period. Taking the 50% level, this gives a targetrange, or reference point, of 25 to 31.5 kg of Nile perch per net per day.However more information is required on recommended number of nets for current use in the fisheryand the current CPUE of the recommended gear type as well as more accurate calculations ofhistorical CPUE.For the economic goal the objective is concerned with the net income of fishermen and otherresource users:“To maintain annual net income per fisher per year three fold greater than the national minimumdesired income (200 USD in the year 2010)”At the moment this objective would be met if fisher’s net income was more than US$600 per annum.Socioeconomic data is required to understand the current net income status of fishers and a simplesurvey technique should be established so that the objective can be measured on a regular basis.For the social goal the objectives are concerned with food security and employment from thefishery:“To maintain job opportunities at the current level (estimated at 10000) which was created in theyear 2010.”A n n e x 9 | 17Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportVery little is known about the true contribution of the fishery to employment so thisobjective should be validated using recent socioeconomic data. A census or survey to understand thecurrent number of fishermen and other stakeholders who rely on the fishery for their livelihoods isrequired. This could be combined with research understand net income (economic objective). It maybe possible to use aerial photography to establish the number of fishermen in the same time the landuse and environmental degradation which is occurring around the Lake (see ecological objectives).Some method of monitoring employment in the fisheries sector is also required so that the objectivecan be regularly measured.For the ecological goal the objectives are related to the protection of lake water quality and properuse of land around the lake shore:“Maintain agrochemical levels in lake environment below national standard”“Prevent land use within buffer zone which contravenes environmental protection law”“Maintain the rate of sedimentation at 25% or less of the current rate of sedimentation in areas mostaffected”Research is required to establish the current agrochemical levels in the Lake and to monitor the levelsagainst the national standards. Aerial mapping and GIS imagery could be used to monitor the landuse changes within the designated buffer zone around the Lake. Sedimentation is linked tooligotrophication and reducing this will help maintain the biological condition of the lake and itsproductivity. It is anticipated that the Agriculture Research Center could carry out such research andanalysis given the proper equipment and training.Management measuresIn order to achieve the objectives and goals of the FMP areas management measures are employed.In terms of the biological goal and objectives, the management measures are focused on either input,output or technical measures.Input management measures control fishing effort by the mixing access to the fishery e.g. licensing,the size and power fishing craft and the amount of time a fishing craft can fish. Output measurescontrol the amount of fish caught by setting quotas on the weight of fish landed by each craft or thetotal allowable catch. Technical measures refer to the control of where, when and how fish may becaught e.g. closed areas fishing, closed seasons or type and size of nets to be used and mesh sizes.Input and output measures are commonly used as flexible controls that can be changed from yet toyear as necessary to achieve the goals. Technical measures are usually put in place for a longerperiod of time. For example in many fisheries you cannot reasonably expect fishermen to change themesh size of the nets every year. Setting management measures need good information based oncareful stock assessments, including consideration of uncertainties, to ensure that the measuresimplemented to achieve the objectives.The management measures proposed are a combination of input and technical measures which aredesigned to achieve the biological objectives. By achieving the biological objectives, automatically willcontribute to the achievement of economic and social objectives and goals. Hence the biologicalmanagement measures below will contribute to the achievement of 3 goals. The ecological goal andobjectives will require a different set of management measures which require coordination with awide range of stakeholders over pollution control, agriculture practices and wetland managementissues. Wider discussion of these measures is required by specialists. Table 5 proposes someecological management measures as well as additional measures to support the economic and socialobjectives. However, these also require further discussion with specialists.A n n e x 9 | 18Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportThe following fisheries management measures, which could be implemented using aco-management approach (see next section), are proposed:a) Closed areas to protect breeding areas e.g. Park area, reed belts and river mouthb) Licensing certain number of fishermen and fishing gears according to biological limitsc) Mesh size restrictions ….minimum 20 cm stretched mesh for tilapia gill nets, minimum 28cm stretched mesh for Nile perch netsd) Ban certain fishing methods such as chase & trap, beach seining, monofilament netse) Ban Nile Perch fishing for at least for 5 yearsf) Reintroduction or stocking with Labeo horie from Lake Abayag) Relocation of fishing effort to L. AbayaA, b, f and g are measures which can be adapted if need be within a short time frame or on anannual basis. C, d and e are more long term measures which are more difficult to change in the shortterm. Although e could be lifted at short notice if deemed feasible.Implementation & Co-managementIn line with the Government’s decentralisation policy and the difficulties in managing fisheries using acommand style approach, it is proposed that the FMP is supported by a co-managementimplementation approach which is based on the existing governance administrative structure andenables management responsibilities to be shared between government, resource users and otherkey stakeholders.Perceived benefits of co-managementThere are several benefits of co-management. Not only does it promote the government’s policy ofdecentralisation and a “bottom up” planning approach. But as all key stakeholders are involved indecision making it creates a common understanding, ownership and more effective decision making.Intra-lake conflicts will be reduced as a result of better coordination and dialogue between resourceusers and managers. Those who contravene regulations will be more easily brought to justice and willfind it difficult to hide in fish landings as management would be lake wide.Create more sustainable employment and income base for those allowed to access the resources andengage in post-harvest activities. More consistent supplies of fish will help the development of valueaddedbusinesses.Resource users will be more able to provide indigenous knowledge to researchers and managers tohelp them better understand the lake and its resources and changes which are occurring. Resourceusers are also well placed to monitor changes in the resource and environment which can informresearch and management decisions.Self-control by resources users over management measures will reduce management costs togovernment. Cooperatives may provide funds for activities and offer voluntary help to reforest lakeshore area watershed management and patrol and monitor for illegal gears and closed areas.A n n e x 9 | 19Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTable 6: FMP goals, objectives and management measuresPurpose Goal ObjectivesSustain thebenefits fromfishery resourcesby maintaining thebiodiversity andthe environmentthrough effectiveparticipation offisher communityas well as otherrelevantstakeholders.BiologicalOptimizesustainable fishproductionMaintain half the averageCPUE of Tilapia net whichwas achieved when thefish landing s were at theirpeak in 2002 (Chamo).Maintain half averageCPUE of Nile Perch Netwhich was achieved whenthe fish landings were attheir peak in 1995(Chamo)Management standardsIndicatorsMeasurement ofTilapia net CPUEfrom catch effortdataMeasurement ofNile Perch NetCPUE fromexploratoryfishing programReferencePointsEstimate of CPUE(10.2kg wholeweight/50m/day)already achieved in2002Estimate of CPUE(50kg wholeweight/100m/ day)which is alreadyachieved in 1995Management MeasuresManagement measuresStock refuge - Close areas /Parkarea, reed belt, River mouth/Effort control – Licensing /Quantity,Mesh size, Length, width, twinethickness/Restrict fishing method /Chase &Trap, Beach seining not allowed/Organise fishermen - Encouragefishermen to be a member ofcooperativesInvolvement - Participateanticipated stakeholdersWetland (Catchment) treatment– Buffer zone delineation, Minimizewater loss through irrigation(flooding) etcDiscouraging - undersized fishmarketing by awareness creationBan Nile Perch fishing at least for 5yearsIntroduce its main prey (Labeo horie)from Lake AbayaSerious monitoring of the banningEnforcement - Control fish tradersnot to buy Nile Perch & Labeo from L.ChamoAwareness creation face to face &through local media about the ongoingactivitiesShifting on voluntary base – Nileperch fishing gears to L. AbayaDecisionControlrulesA n n e x 9 | 20Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportPurpose Goal ObjectivesEconomicTo maximize thenet incomes offishingcommunitiesSocialTo maintain foodsecurity of thesurroundingcommunities andcurrent jobopportunitiescreated byfishing activity,fish trading, fishprocessing andrelated pettytradeEcologicalTo protect theaquatic andlakeshoreenvironmentsfrom misuse anddegradationTo maintain net incomeper fisher per year threefold greater than thenational minimum desiredincome (200 USD in theyear 2010)To maintain jobopportunities at thecurrent level (about10000) which was createdin the year 2010.Maintain agrochemicallevels in lake environmentbelow national standardPrevent land use within 1km buffer zone whichcontravenesenvironmental protectionlawMaintain the rate ofsedimentation at 25% orless of the current rate ofsedimentation in areasmost affectedManagement standardsIndicatorsMeasurementof NetIncome bytakingprimary &secondarydatajobopportunity(10000)Lakes’ chemicalphysical andbiological propertyaltered by humanactivityLand use withinbuffer zonemeasured usingGIS imagery/surveySedimentation rateReferencePointsData on nationalper capital incomelevel (200 USDPer year)Job opportunityin the year2010National standardEP law25% of currentsedimentation rateManagement MeasuresManagement measuresBetter market for their catch throughproduct quality improvement & valueadditionMinimize post-harvest loss throughinfrastructure development.Find market for by products (NewlyConstructed government Poultry farm& others)Promoting petty trades related tofisheryEncouraging other environmentallyfriendly Agric. Activities /Beekeeping,Bamboo tree planting, Foragedevelopment, rehabilitation of Soketree /TourismCrocodile farmingLake side lodgesNGOs participationIncrease the awareness of the communityand administrative bodies to collaborateover wetland managementPreventing growing of crops in lake shorein collaboration with concerned bodies asper the EPA regulationProtecting the vegetation in the bufferzoneReforestation of catchment area of lakeAdvising farmers to grow perennial fodderplants like Sesbania sesban next to theirfarm land as a buffer area in the shoreDecisionControlrulesA n n e x 9 | 21Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportPurpose Goal ObjectivesManagement standardsIndicatorsReferencePointsManagement MeasuresManagement measurestrapping chemical and physical pollutantsDecisionControlrulesA n n e x 9 | 22Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportEnabling environment or co-managementFor co-management to succeed or be initiated there are a number of essential considerations.The GTP (MoFED 2010) is the key government policy framework for economic growth to 2015.Although it does not refer to the fisheries sector, it does encourage the strengthening of governancemechanisms and institutions which would support co-management.Political recognition of the urgent need to better manage Lake Chamo is seen amongst keystakeholders in the MoA at Federal level. And was the driving force behind the development of thisFMP. The same will and desire is also required at Regional, Zone and Woreda levels if serious changeis to take place and improved allocation of resources for management allocated. Awareness raisingregarding the problems and solutions for key decision makers is one way of changing perceptions.Awareness raising at both the Regional political level as well as at Woreda are seen as priorities.The legislative framework for co-management to take place is required. For Lake Chamo Directivesshould be reviewed to ensure they promote more clearly the co-management approach. Supportinglegislation for institutional arrangements may also be required so that management units arerecognised as legal entities and are mandated with specific duties accordingly.There must also be a high level commitment to better multi-stakeholder coordination andmanagement of activities which are occurring within the ecosystem and which are currently degradingthe terrestrial and aquatic environments. It will be of little use focussing solely on fisheries andignoring the impact of agriculture and industrial practices which are leading to siltation, waterabstraction and pollution. Issues such as wetland area management and buffer zone protection mustbe given priority. A Lake Management Committee would provide a forum for the various interestgroups to be represented and management to be coordinated.According to government law, all fishermen must be licenced. Such licencing is a pre-requisite for comanagementto take place as it is a way of ending the open access nature of the lake fishery andprovides a means to allocate user rights and hence control access and fishing effort. Licencing shouldbe linked to the number and type of fishing gear to be used. As well as licencing fishermen,consideration should be given to licencing fish traders and include conditions related to betterhandling and distribution as part of the licence criteria.Co-management may reduce the costs of management in the long term but introducing the processand implementing it will require funds for establishing kebele management units, capacity building,awareness raising, and dissemination amongst other things. Government should be prepared toallocate funding and co-management activities should be mainstreamed into the various governmentadministrative level annual work plans and budgeting process.At the same time local mechanisms should be explored that will enable funds to be generated tosupport management processes. Mechanisms include fees from licensing, penalties for contraveningregulations, levies from fish landings and market taxes.Specific development and research projects should be targeted at key issues effecting the fisheryresource and ecology of the lake. The involvement of NGOs and donors in this respect may beencouraged by senior officials from federal and regional governments.As well as financial resources, consideration should be given to improving the quantity and quality offisheries staff whose responsibilities lie at woreda and kebele level and whose role would extend tofostering co-management.Certainly there needs to be widening of the discussion regarding co-management in fisheries and howit can be achieved successfully. In terms of Lake Chamo, at the moment the concept is confined to afew government employees and therefore it needs to be discussed by a full range of stakeholdersA n n e x 9 | 23Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportincluding resource users. There are various mechanisms which could be used toachieve this. These include a lake wide awareness raising workshop, publication of summarised FMPapproach and its distribution, radio talk shows and media reports.Co-management institutions and stakeholdersThere are a number of stakeholders who are directly involved in the exploitation of the fisheryresources, the utilization of resources within the lake ecosystem, governance and management. Thestakeholder analysis in Table ? provides an overview of these different public, private, civil society andacademic institutions and stakeholders. In terms of a suggested co-management system the followingdescribes the structure and roles of key institutions and potential partnership arrangements.Coordination is envisaged horizontally across different agencies and interest groups as well asvertically to ensure management information and guidance flows both from to and from the variousmanagement units or institutions described. Fig 2 summarises the proposed units and generalhierarchy and interaction process.Figure 2: Proposed co-management units and interactionsKebele Fisheries Management UnitManagement responsibilities will be devolved to the lakeshore kebele’s which are close to theresource and are well placed to monitor and oversee the activities of resource users and theimplementation of management measures. A Kebele Fisheries Management Unit (KFMU) wouldcomprise of the kebele administrator, BoA development/extension agent, fisheries fisher’srepresentative(s), community police/militia and community elders. Consideration should be given tothe involvement of ethnic group leaders and religious leaders who are often influential in terms ofnatural resource protection and conflict resolution. The KFMU would:Keep a register of all licensed fishers operating in its areaA n n e x 9 | 24Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAdvise on the issuance of licencesDevelop by-laws related to FMP and development for endorsement by Woreda and localauthoritiesAdvise and train fishermen on management measuresMonitor and enforce the implementation of instituted bylaws related to aquatic and land useResolve conflictsOversee the sustainable use of the lakeshore environment and buffer zone.Assist in data collection and collaborate in research activitiesPrepare monthly reports on activities for submission to WFMUFinancial management related to revenues and activity expenditureThe KFMU will be a legally mandated institution responsible for educating resource users and as wellas the administration of penalties and punishment for those who contravene bylaws. Funds for KFMUactivities would be derived from licencing fees, levies on fish landings and trade and fines from lawenforcement.Woreda Fisheries Management UnitA Woreda Fisheries Management Unit (WFMU) would be responsible for coordinating activities acrossthe different lakeshore kebeles within its jurisdiction. The WFMU would be responsible for overseeingthe KFMU and its activities as well as licencing resource users in conjunction with the KFMU, provisionof technical guidance and support to KFMU as well as monitoring and evaluating KFMU performanceand conflict resolution which cannot be concluded at kebele level. It would also be responsible for themonitoring of environmental laws and the sustainable use of the lake shore and buffer zoneenvironment. The WFMU would report regularly to the Zone Fisheries Management Unit. The WFMUwould consist of the Woreda administrator, cooperative or fisher’s representative(s), BoA, fisheryofficer and police.Zonal Management UnitA zonal level task force or management unit would include the zonal administrator, zonal fisheryofficer or Livestock Process Development Dept., cooperative or fishermen representative of theworedas, and the Park Authority and would oversee the activities of the WFMU within its jurisdiction.It will be responsible for awareness raising for WFMU in resource management and sustainableutilization and the provision of information from research centres to WFMU for managementpurposes. The Zone will assist in the periodic updating of the FMP and according to an adaptivemanagement approach should advise on any changes required to management measures as well asthe co-management system. The Zone Unit also as a responsibility to liaise with agencies and theprivate sector e.g. industry, agriculture to ensure that activities within its jurisdiction are conductedaccording to the laws of the country and in a sustainable manner.Resource usersFishermen and the gears they use would be licenced and they would be affiliated to a KFMU orWFMU. They will have their representatives at the kebele, woreda and zone levels and be responsiblefor implementing bylaws related to harvesting of fishery resources and the protection of the aquaticenvironment and breeding grounds. data provision researchers and fishery officers, collaborate withother stakeholders.A n n e x 9 | 25Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportFisheries ResearchA key element of fisheries management is data. At the moment one of the main weaknesses infisheries management planning is the lack of current information on the resources as well as asystematic data collection system. The Agriculture Research Centre/University is well placed toconduct the necessary research and advise on management decisions. At the time of writing it isunderstood that stock assessment data is currently being collected and is due to be analysed in thenear future. One of the roles of the research centre should be to facilitate the periodic evaluation ofthe current management plan and update it accordingly. It should also advise the zonal task force/management unit of research results and advice to guide management. The centre should alsoadvocate for other research and conservation measures to be carried out related to the lakeecosystem.Lake Management CommitteeThere are a wide range of institutions and stakeholders which have a role to play in the sustainablemanagement of the lake. There is a need for lake wide coordination of management. A LakeManagement Committee chaired by the Regional Head of the Bureau of Agriculture would provide aforum for the coordination of activities and interests of the key stakeholders.It is suggested the LMC comprises of representatives from the:Bureau of Agriculture Livestock Development Process DeptFisheries communitiesTraders and ProcessorsRegional Bureau of AgricultureZonal AdministratorsNechisar National ParkZonal Fisheries Management Unitsagriculture industriesAgriculture Research CentreLand Use Planning and Environmental Protection AgencyJustice and securityBureau of Water ResourcesMunicipal councilThe committee would periodically review the status of the resources and activities carried out in thelake shore environment. It would coordinate the monitoring of the FMP implementation and itsregular updating and advise on activities to be conducted by the research and zonal units. Issuesrelated to conflict resolution and setting of management measures such as the allocation of licencesand the gear to be deployed would be agreed by the committee first.A n n e x 9 | 26Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAction PlanThe following constitutes those immediate or short term activities or actions which are required tocontinue the development of and implement the FMP once it has been finalised and endorsed.GovernanceFederal Government acceptance of the FMP will be followed by Regional governmentendorsement and hence legal validity prior to proper implementation.Enforcement of the existing Regional fisheries proclamation.Directives to be reviewed, enacted and incorporate support for co-management.Licensing to provide user rights and control fishing effort is essential.Allocation of resources by government to support management e.g. co-managementapproach, research and data collection, increased manpower and incentives, monitoring andevaluation of FMP. Creation of management fund and local funding mechanisms e.g. waterabstraction tax, licencing fees etc. Co-management mainstreamed into annual work-plans.Fishery management measures to be discussed with resource users and interest groups anddecision rules added.Creation of co-management units and system at kebele, woreda, zone levels and LakeManagement Committee and the development of guidelines and terms of reference for thedifferent units.Specific research and development projects to address key threats and weaknesses anddonor and NGOs support.Capacity buildingWider discussion of co-management and the FMP amongst key stakeholders so far not included inthe process is required. Various mechanisms could be considered to achieve this e.g. lake widemulti-stakeholder workshop, media, resource user group meetings at woreda level.Strengthening in co-management and small-scale fisheries development of the AgricultureExtension Agents responsible for capacity building and supporting fishing and rural communitiesin the lake catchment area.Capacity building in co-management for the management units is required.Research capacity will need to be strengthened in terms of knowledge, skills and facilities,logistics and funding.Research and data collectionA priority is to establish routine research and data collection in order to understand the fisheryresource and associated socio-economics. Table 6 provides an overview of the data required formanagement purposes and the research required. There is an urgent requirement for a baselinesurvey to determine current populations of different key stakeholders, fishing effort and trends aswell as livelihood analyses and the contribution of the fishery to development objectives.A n n e x 9 | 27Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportWhilst the Agriculture Research Centre potentially could undertake the scientificresearch in conjunction with the Agriculture Bureau and Water Resources Bureau. The AgricultureResearch Centre also has a mandate to conduct socio-economic research. It is envisaged thatresources users and the various co-management units would play a role in data collection.Table 7: Suggested types of data and research required for managementMeansFrame surveyCatch AssessmentsurveyGillnet surveysWater qualityIndicatorsTotal fishing effortDistribution of fishingeffortChanges in total effortChanges in facilitiesCatch compositionCatch rates and effort(CPUE)Length distribution ofcatch and maturity sizeAdditional biologicalsampling of catch asrequiredRoutine inshore populationmonitoringBiological characteristics ofinshore speciesBiomass indicesSelectivity of gill netsBiodiversity indicesEnvironmental parametersin shallow inshore areasChemical compositionSedimentation levelsTemporalrequirementOnce every 2-4yearsEvery 3 monthsTwice yearly forlakewide (once perquarter at localstation)Spatial requirementLake-wide and synoptic(all states undertakesurvey at the sametime)Lake-wide, synopticLocal and lake-wide6 monthly Lake wideEcosystemchangesSocio-economicsLand use changesAquatic and terrestrialbiodiversityContribution toemployment, foodsecurity, income, povertyreductionLivelihoods analysesValue-chain analysisFish prices and markettrendsRegularly carriedoutAnnual andmonthly dependingon the parametere.g. fish prices andmarkets monthlyLake wideFishing communitiesand nearby urbancentresFMP Monitoring and RevisionDaily monitoring of management measures will be the responsibility of the KFMUs supervised by theWFMU. ZFMU will have local responsibility for supervising and monitoring the FMP and reporting tothe LMC and ultimately to the Regional BoA. It is suggested that the BoA staff and extension agentslead the monitoring and supervision process. One of the main monitoring mechanisms will be thedata collection activities outlined in Table 6. These will enable FMP objectives to be monitored andmanagement decisions to be informed.A n n e x 9 | 28Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportThe FMP is a working document and will require regular updating based on monitoringand general evaluations of progress at the recommendation of the LMC and in light of the availabilityof new information on the resource and other issues. It is recommended that once data on stocks,fishing effort and socio-economics is available, then the FMP and especially the achievement of goalsand objectives is assessed and then updated accordingly and changed to management measuresintroduced if necessary. In terms of timing, it is suggested that the FMP is reviewed and updatedannually.ReferencesElias Dadebo, (2001). Biology of some of the important fish species in Lake Chamo. PhD Thesis, AddisAbaba University.LFDP, Phase II, 1997. Working Paper Lake Management PlansMoFED (2010) Growth and transformation plan (GTP) 2010/11-2014/15. Ministry of Finance andEconomic Development. Addis AbabaMinistry of Water Resources (2007) Rift valley lakes basin integrated resources developmentmasterplan study report. Halcrow Group Ltd and Generation Integrated Rural DevelopmentConsultants Report.Zerihun Dejene, 2008. Impact of fisheries and water quality changes on the management of LakeChamo.A n n e x 9 | 29Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 10. Lake Ziway Fisheries Management PlanREVISED DRAFTLAKE ZIWAYFISHERIES MANAGEMENT PLANWORKING DOCUMENTApril 20 2011Agricultural Extension Directorate Ministryof AgricultureA n n e x 1 0 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportA n n e x 1 0 | 2Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportINTRODUCTIONInland fisheries such as Lake Ziway tend to be undervalued yet are vital to the livelihoods and foodsecurity of thousands of people. Unfortunately, irresponsible fishing practices, habitat loss anddegradation, water abstraction, drainage of wetlands and pollution have led to substantial changes tomany inland water bodies. Furthermore, the poor state of knowledge of inland fishery resources andtheir ecosystems has hindered proper management decision making.A fisheries management plan is a formal or informal arrangement between a fishery managementauthority and interested parties which identifies the partners in the fishery and their respective roles,details the agreed objectives for the fishery and specifies the management rules and regulationswhich apply to it and provides other details about the fishery which are relevant to the task ofmanagement.Management plans serve as a reference and information source for the management authority and allinterest groups, summarizing the current state of knowledge on the resource, its environment and thefishery, and reflecting all the decisions and actions agreed upon during the course of consultationsbetween the management authority and the interest groups. Ensuring plans are developed andimplemented for all fisheries helps to avoid planned management measures on one fishery creatingunforeseen problems and externalities in a neighbour fishery for which no plan is available. Successfulmanagement plans are working documents constantly referred to by fishery managers and open tochanges.This FMP is a working document developed by a the ACP Fish II Programme in conjunction withgovernment fisheries staff from Oromia Region and the Ministry of Agriculture. It is supportive of theGovernment’s current Growth and Transformation Plan 2010 – 2015 (MoFED 2010) as well as theFederal fisheries utilization proclamation 315/2003 which promotes sustainable management,biodiversity conservation, whilst at same time ensuring food security.An first draft of the FMP was discussed and validated at a meeting at Ziway Fisheries ResourcesResearch Centre on April 19 2011, attended by key Federal, Regional, Zone and Woreda governmentstakeholders. This revised draft requires discussion with a wider range of stakeholders in terms of itsreflection of the current situation, proposed goals and objectives and management measures. TheFMP also proposes a possible co-management approach which requires validation and consultationwith those who would be involved in the management process itself.CURRENT SITUATIONLake Ziway is one of the Rift Valley Lakes located about 160 km south of Addis Ababa in the OromiaRegional State. It is the most northerly rift valley lake, situated between 7°51’N to 8°7’N and 38°43’Eto 38° 57’E. It has an area of 434km 2 and shoreline length of 137km at an elevation 1636 m MSL(above Mean Sea Level). It has a maximum length of 32 km and maximum width of 20 km. It has amean depth of 2.5 metres. The maximum depth is said to be seven metres.There are two inflowing rivers: Meki and Ketar which flow into the lake in its northern part. The lakehas an outflow, River Bulbula, which connects it with lake Abyata. There are three inhabited bigislands on the lake: Tulugudo, Tsedecha and Funduro. Lake Ziway is under the administrative controlof three Woredas of the Oromiya Region: Dugda Bora, Adamitulu Jido both in East Shoa, and ZiwayDugda in Arsi Zone (Fig. 1).A n n e x 1 0 | 3Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportEast Shoa ZoneMeki R.ZiwayGebrielKontolaLAKE ZIWAYTsedechaFunduroTulu GudoGolbe OgolchoKetar R.Arsi ZoneAdamitulluBulbula R.Towns and villagesRoadsPerennial riversTo AwassaFigure 1: Map of Lake ZiwayFish speciesLake Ziway has six fish species of commercial relevance- Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia zillii (tilapias),Clarias gariepinus (catfish), Caracius caracius (Crucian carp), Barbus intermedius (barbus,) andCyprinus carpio carpio (common carp). Tilapia and catfish are currently the most economicallyimportant. According to Ministry of Water Res (2007) the introduced tilapia, Tilapia zilli has almostreplaced the native tilapia, in addition to catfish which has taken over the fishery since 2005. Thecrucian and common carp as well as the catfish are introduced species. The introduction of cruciancarp is seen as controversial as the fish competes for the same food source as tilapia and is of lesscommercial importance.Fish species biologyThe biology of the important fish species in the lake – the tilapia, Oreochromis niloiticus and thecatfish, Clarias gariepinus has been well studied by various researchers (Schroder 1984; Tadesse1988; LFDP, 1997; Wudneh 1998).TilapiaThe tilapia, O. niloticus, in Lake Ziway is characterized as multiple spawning throughout the year withpeak breeding seasons occurring in the rainy seasons. It has two peak spawning seasons, one duringthe short rains in March/April and the second more prominent one during the June/July, the longrainy season.O. niloticus breeds in the shallow vegetated shore areas of the lake. The male prepares spawningnests where the female deposits the eggs. After fertilization the female tilapia incubates the fertilizedeggs in its mouth and protects the offspring. The average size at first spawning (size at maturity, L 50 )of O. niloticus at Lake Ziway is said to be about 15.7 cm (LFDP, report). This information on fish sizeat maturity, the location of spawning grounds and the breeding season is important input for fisheriesmanagement. The size at maturity in combination with the gear selectivity data would be used toformulate regulations to protect the younger under-sized (juvenile) fishes from being exploited. Theknowledge on the breeding season and spawning grounds is used to protect the area during the mainA n n e x 1 0 | 4Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportspawning period. The tilapia, O niloticus, responds to heavy fishing pressure byreducing its size at maturity. The relatively small size at maturity, 15.7 cm (LFDP, 1997), of O.niloticus in Lake Ziway is also an indication of the high fishing pressure on the lake and the stress onthe tilapia population.CatfishCatfish can grow to 170 cm and weigh up to 60.0 kg. The fish are widely tolerant of extremeenvironmental conditions. The presence of an accessory breathing organ enables this species tobreath air when very active or under very dry conditions. The fish can leave the water at night usingits strong pectoral fins and spines in search of land-based food or can move into breeding areasthrough very shallow pathways It is a bottom feeder which occasionally feeds at the surface andforages at night on a wide variety of prey such as insects, plankton, invertebrates and fish but alsotakes young birds, rotting flesh and plants. It migrates to rivers and temporary streams to spawn.Spawning takes place during the rainy season in flooded deltas. The fishes make a lateral migrationtowards the inundated plains to breed and return to the river or lake soon afterwards while thejuveniles remain in the inundated area. Juveniles return to the lake or river when they are between1.5 and 2.5 cm long. First sexual maturity occurs when females are between 40-45 cm and malesbetween 35-40 cm. Eggs are greenish. Incubations lasts little (about 33 hours at 25°C). Thought tospawn from February to May in Lake Hawassa.CarpsCrucian carp can grow up to 64 cm with a common length of 15 cm. Burrows in mud in the dryseason or during winter. Can survive at high temperatures and at very low oxygen concentrations.Tolerates cold, organic pollutants, and low oxygen levels in the water. Feeds all day but mainly atnight on plankton, benthic invertebrates, plant materials and detritus. Usually very abundant in theabsence of other fish species. Spawns in dense submerged vegetation. The eggs number 130000-250000/female adhere to plants, and hatch after 4-8 days. Individual females spawn with severalmales. Males follow ripe females, often with much splashing. Eggs are sticky and are attached towater plants.Common carp grows to 110 cm. The fish is hardy and tolerant of a wide variety of conditions. It ismost active at dusk and dawn. Both adults and juveniles feed on a variety of benthic organisms andplant material. Spawns along shores or in backwaters. Adults often undertake considerable spawningmigration to suitable backwaters and flooded meadows. Larvae survive only in very warm wateramong shallow submerged vegetation. Spawn in marginal, shallow, weed-infested areas. A spawningfemale is usually followed by several males. Under tropical conditions carp breeds throughout theyear.Fishing methods and areasAccording to an LFDP survey (1997) there are over 30 fish landing sites around the lake. The fisheryis mainly based on the beach seine, gill nets and long line fishing. Beach seine is used for tilapiamainly in the eastern and northern lake shore areas including the spawning and nursery grounds.These areas are more accessible to markets. Gill nets are used around the islands where the lake isdeeper. Long lines are used for the cat fish in the deeper areas and also in the in shore vegetatedareas. The fishermen use planked canoes for beach seining and long lining and traditional reed raftsfor gill netting and for transport. Bofofe rafts are also commonly used in the hook and line fishery.Information regarding the proportion of fishers using the different gears is provided from the FisheryResearch Center at Ziway as follows:Beach seine only : about 35% of the fishermenGillnet only: about 23% of the fishermenA n n e x 1 0 | 5Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportLong line only: about 20% of the fishermenGillnet and long line together: 40% of the fishermen (2008 survey)Almost all (96%) of the beach seine observed were below the recommended mesh size.Other important stakeholders that play a role in the fishery are the gear owners who employlabourers and receive fish at the shore as it is landed.The minimum mesh size recommended for the gill net and beach seine is 80 mm stretched mesh.However, it is reported that narrower mesh size nets are common resulting in the landing ofundersized fish. Information on the recommended hook sizes for catfish was not available and shouldbe established to aid selective fishing for adult Clarias gariepinus above the average size at firstbreeding (L 50) .Fish catches and trendsThe last recorded data on fish catch from Lake Ziway is from 2001, some 10 years ago (Fig 2). Thedominant species in catches has been tilapia and this had showed a decline from the year 1998 to2001 giving way to the increased catch of catfish which started to appear in catches approximately 20years ago.Recent catch data (from 2009) obtained from the Fisheries Research Center at Ziway indicates anannual catch composition of 628, 456, and 144 ton for tilapia catfish and carp respectively. Hence atpresent the contribution of tilapia has decreased to about 51% and that of catfish increased to 37%and carp contributes about 12%. In economic terms tilapia contributes most as it fetches the highestprice. The increased importance of the catfish catch is clearly observed in the chart (fig. 2).The increasing catch trend observed for catfish indicates that it is reproducing well and also since theadult Clarias gariepinus population is mainly found in the middle deeper areas of the lake it hasapparently better protection from the beach seine fishery.Figure 2: Yield by species from Lake Ziway (Felegeselam, 2003)Fishing effort and trendA n n e x 1 0 | 6Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportIntensive fishing activity usually occurs during the Orthodox Christians fasting periodsof March/April and July/August when fish consumption increases. Beach seine fishing which isthought to contribute over 60% of the total catch is often used in the sensitive spawning grounds.Incidentally, this peak fishing period coincides with the tilapia breeding season.Data on the current fishing effort, number of fishers and gear used by category is not available.Information from recent study on the lake carried out in 2008, by Ziway Fishery Research Center, isindicated below, (Table 1)Table 1 Current Fishing effort at Lake Ziway (data from 2008)Wereda Coops FM Ass. Gillnet Seine Hook Boat RemarklocalityFMnetDugda Bora 4 124 340 26 27 49129 41Adami Tulu 4 135 370 182 46 31550 62Ziway Dugda 3 185 500 277 61 44980 71Tulu Gudo Is. 1 119 300 42 17 22350 29Total 12 563 1510 527 151 148009 203During 1995-97 the total number of fishermen was in the range of 1500 – 1750. The 3000 ton catchfor the year 1997 was almost the MSY level estimated for the lake. Anecdotal data from 2011suggests there are currently about 416 fishermen organised under fourteen cooperatives. Thenumber of non-registered fishermen is estimated to be three times that of the registered giving atotal number of fishermen of approximately 1600. MoWR (2007) indicates that the total number offishers could be more than 5000 including the unregistered individual or “informal” fishers around thelake.Stock assessment and statusThere is no current stock assessment data available for Lake Ziway. Although it is understood thatdata has been collected for the past 2 years and will be analysed in the near future by Ziway FisheriesResources Centre.The available data is 14 years old from 1997 when according to the LFDP (1997) empirical modelssituate the potential yield of all species combined in the range of 3000 to 6680 tons per year.Preliminary results of stock assessment studies conducted for two years indicate that the maximumsustainable yield of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is probably only slightly above 2000 tons per year.Because Tilapia constituted the bulk of the catch, stock assessment studies had concentrated on thisspecies. Very little work has been done on the others.Tilapia landings, were recommended not to exceed 2200 tons per year. Assuming that 20 % of thelandings are other species, mainly catfish, the total landings from lake Ziway were expected to reach2750 tons.The recording of catch data has been interrupted after the phasing out of the LFDP program. This hasleft a gap in the follow up and monitoring of the fishery trend. Data collected by the fishery researchcentre at Ziway has not been compiled yet. Hence it is necessary to refer and use available data fromthe earlier studies.Current status of stocks and indicators of exploitationNothing appears to be known about the current status of the stocks and data collection has ceasedfor 10 years making management decisions very difficult. Lake Ziway is the most heavily fished lakein the basin, mainly due to its location, close to Addis Ababa, and the early fishing culture of theIslanders living in the lake. By the late 1990s catches were declining and the size at which the fishbecome mature and start reproducing was known to have declined significantly indicating a trend ofA n n e x 1 0 | 7Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reporthigh fishing pressure. No evidence exists to suggest that fishing pressure has reducedin the last 10 years and stocks have had an opportunity to recover. The fishery is open access.Undersize tilapia are currently being landed which is an indication that illegal gears are being used.Fishermen are now starting to leave the fishery and migrate to nearby Lake Langano. Furthermore,the carrying capacity of the lake is being degraded by pollution and siltation making the use of pastdata on stock levels risky. It is therefore likely the fishery is in a state of overexploitation. Despitethis new entrants are being encouraged into the fishery by the local government.Lake Ecosystem and StatusLake Ziway has rich and diverse plankton and fish biota. Molluscs and mosquitoes are abundant andmalaria and schistosomiasis have been reported in local residents. Molluscs snails include Ancylus,Lymnaea, Melanoides, Biomphalaria and Bulinus, one of which (Melanoides) reaches nuisance bloomlevels in some years. Economic exploitation of this large bivalve can be considered. The littoralmacrophytes are reeds like Phragmites, bullrush (Typha) and Cyperus papyrus (papyrus). Floatingmacrophytes include the blue water lily (Nymphaea coerulea) and aquatic grass Paspalidium. Tallgrasses such as Sporobolus and Cynodon cover most of the western shoreline, including the endemicgrass C. aethiopicus is grazed by livestock during the dry season. The catchment is surrounded withAcacia woodland consisting of A. tortila, A. seyal, A. senegal and A. etbaica, and the tall grass ofHyparrhenia sp. Other remnant trees of Ficus, Treme and Balanites cover the surrounding landscape.Hippopotami and Nile lizards (Varanus) browse and shelter in the bank vegetation. Bird life is amixture of migrants and residents. These include cormorants, geese, Marabou storks, terns, herons,gulls and fish eagles. It is not unusual to see up to 20 000 birds at a single time around Lake Ziway.However, bird numbers have decreased in recent years, even in the islands, due to humanencroachment and habitat destruction.Lake Ziway is used by the local people for various purposes, including watering cattle, laundering,fisheries, reed harvesting, sand extraction and recreational purposes to some extent. Considerableinput of human and animal wastes is observed at some shore locations. It has been reported that theeffluent from horticulture farms have high levels of fertilizer and pesticide and ultimately finds itself inthe lake. Investors have planted generators and pumps to extract water for irrigation from the lakeand river Bulbula for agriculture, flower horticulture and domestic uses. Such usages have not beensubjected to water use regulations by the Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Development. The municipality of Ziway withdraws 1000 – 1500 cubic meter of Ziwaywater every day, which it filters at the Ziway water treatment plant and distributes to the residents ofthe city for drinking and washing purposes. The lake faces increasing oligotrophication, rather thaneutrophication probably due to increasing sedimentation.Degradation of forest areas and other vegetation in the catchment has enhanced soil erosion andsubsequent siltation of the lake environment. The increased turbidity may be effecting productivity.Conflicting reports suggest either the water level has fallen or risen. Pollution from the surroundingindustrial, municipal and agricultural effluents is also indicated as threatening the lake Ziwayenvironment and the fishery resources.One encouraging achievement implemented by the Ziway Fishery Research Center and the WeredaAgriculture officers with the collaboration of some of the fishery coops is the rehabilitation of the lakeshore wetland vegetation on the western shore close to Ziway town and the research centre location.This type of coordinated work regarding environmental protection and rehabilitation should be moreencouraged and coordinated by the town and wereda council as part of the FMP process.Socio-economic importanceThe contribution of the fishery is considered significant in terms of employment and food security, asit is the largest natural water body with fish resource potential in Oromia Regional State. There ishowever, a lack of data on the real contribution. Employment is created from fishing, processing,trade, inputs supply and distribution. Whilst predominated by men, some women are engaged in fishA n n e x 1 0 | 8Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reporttrading.. The lake is thought to have between 1700 and 5000 fishers depending on thedata source. Although according to LFDP (1997), if exploited sustainably, the fishery was expected toprovide employment for up to 1800 fishermen.Despite the lack of knowledge of the resource and indications of over exploitation, the localadministration is continuing to encourage unemployed youth to enter the fishery. This is unlikely tolead to long term sustainable benefits in terms of livelihoods or the sustainability of the resource andis likely to lead to increasing conflicts and unsustainable fishing pressure.There are nine islands in Lake Ziway; while most of them have small churches and religious icons,the largest one, Tulu Gudo, is inhabited by about 2000 residents. The Zay people have howeverabandoned the island in recent years due to inability of the land, livestock and fisheries to support thelivelihood of the increasing population.Clearly there is an urgent need for socio-economic research to provide a current understanding of thecontribution of the fishery to national development objectives and the livelihoods of resource users.Value chain analysis would assist in understanding potential opportunities in terms of trade and valueaddition.This information is important in management decision making.Policy and managementCommercial fishing started during the 1950-60’s by an agreement between the government andconcession holders. With the socialist system in the 1970’s, the government organised the fishermento work in co-operatives. Fishers were organised in cooperative associations and registered by theCooperative Promotion Office in their locality. The fishers which are embraced by the coop are thenconsidered to have legal right to fish from the lakes and the non-member fishers often referred to asillegal fishers. The fishery coops were among the first to benefit from the first fresh water fisherydevelopment project assisted by EU. The Project, referred as Phase I Lake Fishery DevelopmentProject (LFDP-I) was mainly focused on promoting the market infrastructure and technical support toimprove the production.The project promoted increased production at the expense of management of the resources. Inputswere supplied to the fishery cooperatives, subsidized by the project. There was an increase in thecatch and fishers This created the collapse of the tilapia fish stock in a span of a few years. Inresponse the government closed the lake to fishing for two years during 1986-87.After the closure the tilapia catches increased to a peak of around, 3000 tonnes in 1996-97. Thenumber of fishermen again increased significantly as fish prices increased, gear was cheap, fishingbecame an attractive part-time occupation for famers and town residents and low barriers of entrymade fishing attractive to unemployed youths.To address the management vacuum the LFDP – II, was implemented from 1992 to1997 and aimedto:Improved the logistics and infrastructure facilities for research and data collectionUpgrade the capacity of the fishery staff in management issuesIn 1997 the LFDP II proposed to allow for the licensing of a maximum of 160 beach seines and 2900gill nets. No limits are to be put on the number of long lines or hook and lines for the time being. Allexisting fishermen should be issued a licence covering the gear they are using at present. Once this isdone, the extra 20 % effort would be licensed on a first come first serve basis. The following gearrestrictions are proposed:Gill nets: Recruitment could be affected if the stretched mesh sizes are allowed drop below80 mm. Total landings and the values of the landings are thought to increase with biggerA n n e x 1 0 | 9Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reportmesh sizes. It is therefore proposed to increase the minimum mesh size by one 1 cmper year starting from 8 cm until 10 cm is reached. The maximum length of a gill net shouldbe 60 metres. The thinnest twine allowed would be 210/3;Beach seine nets. The minimum mesh size in the cod end should be 60 mm. The minimummesh size in the wings should be 80 mm. The maximum allowed length of a beach seinewould be 150 meters. No mechanisation of the operation of beach seines, such as the use ofwinches, is to be forbidden.At the time it was proposed that there was potential to expand the long Line fishing on catfish is thought to be good even though hard data are lacking. Catfish were only recentlyestablished in the lake and are gradually increasing their contribution to the total landings.The most recent resource data was produced by the LFDP II project along with recommendations formanagement measures some 14 years ago and are described in a FMP from that period. It wouldappear the implementation of that FMP was not carried out nor has the FMP been updated since1997.Current management and management measuresThere is no fishery management legislation enforced at the Regional level in Oromia. The fisheryproclamation No.315/2003 that has been enacted at the federal level but has yet to be translated inregional legislation. Although attempts are currently being made by the Bureau of Agriculture tocontrol fishing gear type and fishing areas through directives and sometimes in collaboration withsome fishery cooperatives, the fishery is open access with no licensing of fishermen to enable userrights. Fishing effort is in reality uncontrolled. Official data collection ceased in 2001 and consequentlyhardly any data is available for management decision making. Weak management is compounded bya lack of staff, or poorly trained staff, especially at wereda (district) and kebel levels. Fishery officersaim to prevent wetland degradation encouraged by other government agencies and monitorenvironmental degradation. The current situation is blamed on lack of budget and manpowerallocation. Many Fishery Officers (FO,s) were trained in fishery data collection methods and analysisby the LFDP II program have transferred to other sectors due to relatively low salaries paid in thefishery sector. For various reasons there appears to be no management of the fishery at the moment.Stakeholder analysisThere are a number of stakeholders who are directly involved in the exploitation of the fisheryresources, the utilization of resources within the lake ecosystem, governance and management. Thestakeholder analysis in Table 2 provides an overview of these different public, private, civil societyand academic institutions and stakeholders. It summarises their perceived role in the FMPdevelopment and implementation processes.Some stakeholders such as resource users, the Livestock Development and Health Agency (LDHA)and fishery cooperatives are primary stake holders who have a direct interest, responsibility andaccountability for fishery resources conservation and use. Others, such as the local Administration,the Cooperative Promotion Offices and Environment Protection Office are seen as partnersresponsible for facilitating the implementation of the FMP.Whilst a number of stakeholders have been clearly identified here, there is now a need to initiate adialogue with them regarding the content of this draft FMP which has been developed by the ACPFish II programme in conjunction with representatives from the Regional LDHA, Ziway FisheriesResources Research Centre and woreda fishery officers.A n n e x 1 0 | 10Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Stakeholder ( Public,private, civil society,academic)Bureau of AgricultureLivestockIrrigationCropNatural resourceKebele developmentagents (DA)Ziway Fisheries ResourcesResearch CentreAcademic,Universities (AddisAbaba, Adamaand others)Environmentalclubs at schoolsBureau of WaterResourcesTraining for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTable 2: Lake Ziway FMP Stakeholder AnalysisInvolvementin FMPprocessesDiscuss theFMP draft withthem.Own the FMPDiscuss theFMP draft withthemDiscuss thedraft with themConsult themInvolvement in FMP implementationEconomic use of water, minimize water loss,monitoring the gravity irrigations and water pumpsExperts should collaborate in enforcing theimplementation of the rulesDetermine the distance of farm lands from thewater bodies, control agrochemicals and soilerosion polluting the water bodies.Controlling deforestation, protecting fish breadinggrounds, enhancing the stock of endangeredspecies etc.Water use budgeting for each userShould implement the FMP at grass-root levelsalong with the fishermenReport any fisheries activities including the catchdata to the concerned bodiesServe as a linkage between the governmentbodies and resource usersManage participation of family members (women,youth, handicaps) to participate in fisheryactivities at different stages.They will supply scientific information on fisheriessuch as:the lake limnology, fish biology(species, feeding,breeding), fishing gear to be used, fishing season,MSY, MEY, EMSY, potential pollutants, ecosystemand importance of the components etc.Follow-up and monitoring the FMPProvide scientific information on lakes,Follow-up and monitor the FMPGiveinformationCreate awareness about fisheries and otheraquatic resources among the community.Discuss the Economic use of waterFMP draft with Water quality assessmentthemPermission of water use for irrigationBureau of Land Use and Discuss the Should consider the impact of pollution onEnvironmental Protection FMP draft with fisheries and ecosystem in the water bodies whenthemdoing any activity around the water bodies.Permit necessary plot of lands for fish landing,processing etc,,,Industry and Trade Discuss the They should do environmental impact assessmentBureaudraft with them (EIA)Support fishery community for sharing theresourceBureau of Investment Discuss the Environmental impact assessment should be doneFMP draft with before the implementation of any investment.themThe firm should pay for any damage it poses onthe fishery (environment)Tax office Inform the FMP Water users should pay equitable tax for theA n n e x 1 0 | 11Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStakeholder ( Public,private, civil society,academic)Bureau of Mine andEnergyAgency of Wild LifeProtectionDifferent administrativebodies (Kebele, district,zone, regional, national)Administrative cabinetsInvolvementin FMPprocessesInform the FMPDiscuss theFMP draft withthemGiveinformationInvolvement in FMP implementationvolume of water they usedMining activities around the water bodies shouldnot damage the beach and should not pollute thewater bodies and should not hinder fisheryactivitiesShould control fishing activities in protected areasShould protect the aquatic life (animals, plants)Collaborate for the implementation of the FMPGiveinformationGive attention for the management of theresourceQuality assurance Inform the FMP Give standard to the productsMinistry of Trade Inform Facilitate market linkage for fishery productsCooperative PromotionCommissionInform the FMPShould organise fishermen in to legalized cooperativesProvide them any possible supports like other cooperativesMicro enterprise Inform the FMP Should organise fishermen by consultingcooperative promotion commission and Bureau ofAgricultureReduce the current fishing pressure by reorganisingfishermen in to other sectorMunicipal/city council Inform the FMP Should control or treat the municipal wastes thatpollutes the aquatic environmentProvide fish processing, storing and retailing sitesPolice and Justice Bureau Inform the FMP Should collaborate in controlling illegal activitieson fisheries and aquatic environmentLocal mediaGiveinformationAware the community about the resource, FMP,advertise fish foodFishermenFish farmersFishery unionsFishing gear ownersFish gear producers &suppliersCreateawareness anddiscuss theFMP draft withthemCreateawareness andinform the FMPInform aboutthe FMPCreateawareness anddiscuss theFMP draft withthemCreateawareness andTake responsibility to protect the aquaticenvironment including the fish itselfUse the fishery resources in a sustainable mannerInform any problem on fisheries to the concernedbodiesShould not pollute the areaShould not bring new species that may affect thebiodiversityShould not damage the natural stock (example,mass collection of fingerlings from lakes)Resource protection against any harmful activitiesShould support the fishery cooperatives in inputsupply, linkage with government policies andmarkets etc.Take responsibility to protect the aquaticenvironment including the fish itselfUse the fishery resources in a sustainable mannerInform any problem on fisheries to the concernedbodiesShould not make/supply undersized/distractivefishing gearsA n n e x 1 0 | 12Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStakeholder ( Public,private, civil society,academic)Fish processors andtraders (including fishmeal processers)Local inhabitantsInvolvementin FMPprocessesinform the FMPCreateawareness onresourcemanagementand inform theFMPDiscuss theFMP draft withthemInvolvement in FMP implementationShould not take/buy undersized fish fromfishermenShould use standard and hygienic processing andtransporting kitsShould not pollute water bodies and shore areasShould pay fair price, receive the product fromfishermen constantlyShould collaborate in aquatic resourceconservationHave to use the water resource wisely (washingclothes, personal hygiene, domestic water, cattledrink, religious purpose, swimming etc)NGOs Inform the FMP Have to involve in soil and water conservationsactivitiesHave to work on fisheries and aquatic resourceconservationStrengthen the coops or private fishers materiallyand technicallyOrganisation and financing, capacity building,book keeping etcConsumersCreateawarenessAware the value of fish foodStrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT)A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is a useful way of assessing thecurrent situation and identifying factors to be covered in the management plan. Table 3 provides asummary of the current strengths which influence the FMP goals and objectives, weaknesses whichthe plan should consider, opportunities may help implements achieve the objectives and threats mayend of the successful limitation.Table 3: Lake Ziway current situation SWOTStrength Weakness Opportunities ThreatsFishery legislationat federal levelStructure forfishery officersfrom region todistrict levelExistence of Govstructure atkebele level(DA’s)Legally organisedgroups ofresource users inthe form ofcooperativesAwareness ofsome cooperativeLack of regionalproclamation,directives, bylawsfor managementLack ofprofessionalfisheries stafftrained inmanagement andtechnical issuesLack of fisheryknowledgeAgro-chemicalpollution and fishkillssoil erosionleading to siltationPolitical will of Govto give attention tofisheries in the 5year Growth &TransformationPlanAquacultureproduction mayreduce reliance oncapture fisheriesPossibility ofadding valuePossibility toinitiate a new comanagementapproachCatfish resourceLack of localemploymentopportunitiesincreasing pressure onfisheriesExpansion ofhorticulture andindustries around theincreasing risk ofpollutionMobility of staff andlack of incentivesDifficulties in ensuringcollaboration betweenstakeholdersLack of communityparticipation inA n n e x 1 0 | 13Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportStrength Weakness Opportunities Threatsmembers onfishery resourceand lakemanagement.Concernregarding theproblems ofpollution anddegradation offish breedinggroundslocal researchcapacity existsgraduate fisheryprofessionalsfrom universitiesData on stocks tobe analysed in thenear futureNew water bodiesin the region andcould provide analternative forexisting fishersRich ecosystemstrong demand forfish and risingpriceOpen accessnature of theresource sofishers unlicensedand have no userrightsPeak fishingcoincides withtilapia breedinglack of currentdata on stocks,landings, biologyandsocioeconomicissuesPooradministrationand datacollection andrecording systemInsufficientbudget allocationfor managementConflict betweenfishermentension betweendifferent ethnicand religiousgroupslack ofcoordination andcollaborationbetweenstakeholdersProposed FMP Management ApproachmanagementWater abstractionEnvironmentaldegradation and itsimpact onproductivity e.g.oilgotrophicationBiodiversity reductiondue to habitatdestruction andenvironmentaldegradationFurther delays informulatingmanagementlegislation and itsenactmentUse of destructivefishing gears such asbeach seines andsmall mesh gill netsEncouragement ofnew entrants intofisheryRelocation of fishingeffort to nearby openaccess water bodiesGiven the indicated overexploitation of the fishery resources, problems of environmental degradation,the lack of current information on stocks and other key issues and the apparent lack of managementof the fishery it is proposed that future management of the fishery would reflect a precautionary,adaptive, proactive approach. The government policy move towards decentralization and the failureof a command style management approach supports the need to evolve a co-management process.The following summarizes the key principles:Precautionary – be careful…..if there is insufficient knowledge to make accuratemanagement decisions then set the targets low;Adaptive - trial and error to find the right management measures….and monitor and adjustquickly if need be;Proactive - long term view…..what do we need to do to create a sustainablefishery?.....before problems occur;A n n e x 1 0 | 14Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportCo-management - partnership between govt and resources users where bymanagement responsibilities are shared….resource users participate more actively inmanagement.Focus of the FMPThis section outlines the purpose, goals and objectives of the FMP is designed to provide the wayforward for the fishery and what the FMP is designed to achieve.PurposeThe FMP has a single purpose which is designed to be general proactive statement which reflectssustainable development. The purpose is:“To create economically and ecologically sustainable fisheries resources under comanagementsystem that produces socio-economic benefits.”The purpose is also supportive of the Federal Government Fisheries Development and UtilizationProclamation 315/2003 objectives which are:“To conserve fish biodiversity and its environment as well as to prevent and control overexploitationof the fisheries resource”“To increase the supply of safe and good quality fish and to ensure a sustainable contribution of thefisheries towards food security”Goalsthe FMP goals focus on biological, economic, social as well as ecological aspects of what we wouldlike the fishery to achieve. The extent to which the economic and social goals will be achieved isinfluence by the biological limits of the results. The FMP for Lake Ziway has five goals (Table 4):BiologicalEconomicSocialSocialEcologicalTo maintain productivity to ensure the maximum sustainable yieldTo maximize income of the fishermen and other resource usersTo maximize the contribution of the fishery to food securityTo create sustainable employment opportunities for the local communityTo keep the lake environment healthy (chemically, biologically and physically)At the moment there is no reliable information on the current. Data from 14 years ago suggests anannual MSY of 2000 tonnes for tilapia. No accurate data was available for other species. This maymake the goal difficult to achieve unless current information on stocks of biological limits is available.When combined together the achievement of these goals will achieve the purpose of the FMP.ObjectivesObjectives are measurable changes that will be realized when the FMP is successful. Each objectiveincludes verb, indicator, relation and reference point. The objectives are measured usingmanagement standards, which referred to the indicator and reference point states in the objective.Table 4 provides a summary of objectives and management standards.A n n e x 1 0 | 15Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportFor the biological goal the objectives are related to the harvesting of the two keycommercial species:“To maintain the CPUE for tilapia at 50% or above that attained during 1996 when the fish landingswere at their peak”“To maintain the CPUE for clarias at 50% or above that attained during 1996 when the fish landingswere at their peak”The CPUE is used here as the indicator due to the lack of information on stocks. Even though CPUEdata is also lacking it is possible to make some assumptions and approximate calculations to guidethe use of these objectives until more data on the current status of stocks and biological limits isavailable. 1996 is the year it is assumed that landings were at or near the MSY level at the time andhence this is used as a reference point. See Fig 2. After another year of peak catches the landingsbegan to decline dramatically possibly due to over fishing beyond the MSY.Assuming that in 1996 the tilapia fishery was purely a gillnet fishery and that the number of nets inuse was the number recommended by the LFDP e.g. 2900 then an approximate CPUE for tilapia forthat year was 2000 tonnes catch/2900 nets = 690 kg per net per year or 13 kg per week per net.Here the reference point is at least 50% of this figure which is approximately 7.5kg of fish per net perweek. However more information is required on recommended number of nets for current use in thefishery and the current CPUE of the recommended that type.For the economic goal the objective is concerned with the net income of fishermen and otherresource users:“To maintain the annual net income of fishermen and other resource users at or above the minimumdesired income level (200 USD in 2010)”It will be necessary here to clearly define who the fishermen and other resource users are. Forexample fishermen may be full time or part time or seasonal. Other resource users include processorsand traders. Socioeconomic data is required to understand the current net income status of fishersand resource users and a simple survey technique should be established so that the objective can bemeasured on regular basis.For the social goal the objectives are concerned with food security and employment from thefishery:“Maintain at least 15% of the total catch for local consumption by community and 85% for thenational market”“To maintain the optimum number of fishing and post-harvest employment opportunities”Very little is known about the contribution of the fishery to food security and employment so theseobjectives should be validated using recent socioeconomic data. Total catch data would be needed tohelp calculate the proportion of fish consumed locally and that which leaves the area of markets.1997 data from the LFDP suggested that the lake could support 1800 fishermen. Whether this is thecase now depends much on the current biological limits and efficiency of fishing methods. A census orsurvey to understand the current number of fishermen and other stakeholders who rely on the fisheryfor their livelihoods is required. It may be possible to use aerial photography to establish the numberof fishermen in the same time the land use and environmental degradation which is occurring aroundthe Lake (see ecological objectives).For the ecological goal the objectives are related to the protection of lake water quality and properuse of land around the lake shore:A n n e x 1 0 | 16Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Report“Maintain agrochemical levels in lake environment below national standard”“Maintain the rate of sedimentation at 25% or less of the current rate of sedimentation in areas mostaffected”“Prevent land use within buffer zone which contravenes environmental protection law”Research is required to establish the current agrochemical levels in the Lake and to monitor the levelsagainst the national standards. Aerial mapping and GIS imagery could be used to monitor the landuse changes within the designated buffer zone around the Lake. Sedimentation is linked to theincrease in oligotrophication and reducing this will help maintain the biological condition of the lakeand its productivity. It is anticipated that the Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Center could carryout such research and analysis given the proper equipment and training.Management measuresIn order to achieve the objectives and goals of the FMP areas management measures are employed.In terms of the biological goal and objectives, the management measures are focused on either input,output or technical measures.Input management measures control fishing effort by the mixing access to the fishery e.g. licensing,the size and power fishing craft and the amount of time a fishing craft can fish. Output measurescontrol the amount of fish caught by setting quotas on the weight of fish landed by each craft or thetotal allowable catch. Technical measures refer to the control of where, when and how fish may becaught e.g. closed areas fishing, closed seasons or type and size of nets to be used and mesh sizes.Input and output measures are commonly used as flexible controls that can be changed from year toyear as necessary to achieve the goals. Technical measures are usually put in place for a longerperiod of time. For example in many fisheries you cannot reasonably expect fishermen to change themesh size of the nets every year. Setting management measures need good information based oncareful stock assessments, including consideration of uncertainties, to ensure that the measuresimplemented to achieve the objectives.The management measures proposed are a combination of input and technical measures which aredesigned to achieve the biological objectives. By achieving the biological objectives, automatically willcontribute to the achievement of economic and social objectives and goals. Hence the biologicalmanagement measures contribute to the achievement of 3 goals. The ecological goal and objectiveswill require a different set of management measures which require coordination with a wide range ofstakeholders over pollution control, agriculture practices and wetland management issues. Widerdiscussion of these measures is required by specialists. Table 4 proposes some ecologicalmanagement measures as well as additional measures to support the economic and social objectives.However, these also require further discussion with specialists.The following fisheries management measures, which could be implemented using a co-managementapproach (see next section), are proposed:a) Licensing a certain number of fishermen and fishing gears according to biological limitsb) Closed season (June –July) – to prevent fishing during one of the tilapia breeding seasonsc) Mesh size limitation of minimum 10cm stretched mesh for gillnets and 8cm for beach seined) Progressive reduction in number of beach seines by 50% in 2 yrs leading to totaleradicationA n n e x 1 0 | 17Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reporte) Prevention of beach seining in certain areas by placing obstacles in the nearshore areas and planting of inshore vegetationf) Closed areas to prevent fishing in designated areas where fish are known to breedA, b, d and f are measures which can be adapted if need be within a short time frame or on anannual basis. C and e are more long term measures which are more difficult to change in the shortterm. D can be achieved with the help of licencing (a) as gradually the number of annual licences forbeach seines is reduced.Table 4: FMP goals, objectives and management measuresGoalsBiologicalTo maintainproductivityto ensuremaximumsustainableyieldObjectivesTo maintainthe CPUE fortilapia at 50%or above thatattainedduring 1996when the fishlandings wereat their peakTo maintainthe CPUE fortilapia at 50%or above thatattainedduring 1996when the fishlandings wereat their peakManagement standardsindicatorsthe CPUE fortilapiaReferencepoints50% of CPUElevel attainedduring 1996Management measuresManagement measureEffort control – licensing &reducing current level of effortClosed season (June –July) –tilapia spawning shore areasMesh size limitation (10cmstretched mesh for gillnet, 8cm forbeach seine,Progressive reduction in numberof beach seines by 50% in 2 yrsand ban graduallyDiscouraging the beach seine byputting obstacle in seining areas ofthe lakeClosed area, allow restrictedfishing from fish breading, shorevegetation areas[abovereplicated forothercommercialspecies]EconomicTo maximizeincome ofthefishermenand otherresourceusersSocialTo maximizetheTo maintainthe netincome offishermen ator above theminimumdesiredincome (200USD in 2010)Maintain atleast 15% ofNet income offishermen fromsocio-economicsurveySupply of fishto localData onnationalminimumincome levelTotal catchfrom officialOptimum catchesValue addition on the productsAlternative income generatingactivitiesAware the local community toconsume the fish by givingA n n e x 1 0 | 18Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportGoalscontributionof fishery infood securityTo createsustainableemploymentopportunitiesfor localcommunityEcologicalTo keep thelakeenvironmenthealthy(chemically,biologicallyandphysically)Objectivesthe totalcatch for localconsumptionby communityand the restto nationalmarketTo maintainthe optimumnumber offishing andpost-harvestemploymentopportunitiesMaintainagrochemicallevels in lakeenvironmentbelownationalstandardPrevent landuse withinbuffer zonewhichcontravenesenvironmentalprotection lawMaintain therate ofsedimentationat 25% orless of therate ofcurrentsedimentationlevels in areasmost affectedManagement standardsindicatorscommunityassessed usingmarket orvalue-chainanalysisCurrent fishingand postharvestemploymentopportunitiesLakes’chemicalphysical andbiologicalpropertyaltered byhuman activityLand usewithin bufferzone measuredusing GISimagery/surveySedimentationrateReferencepointslanding dataOptimumnumber ofemploymentopportunitiesNationalstandardEP law25% ofcurrentsedimentationrateManagement measuresManagement measureawareness on the nutritional valueof fish food to fishery cooperatives,students in school and others.Economic planningLicencingMicro-enterprise office assistdisplaced fishersIncrease the awareness of thecommunity and administrativebodies to collaborate the wetlandmanagementPreventing growing of crops in lakeshore in collaboration withconcerned bodies as per the EPAregulationProtecting the vegetation in thebuffer zone and reforestationAdvising farmers to grow perennialfodder plants like Sesbania sesbannext to their farm land as a bufferarea in the shore trapping chemicaland physical pollutantsImplementation & Co-managementIn line with the Government’s decentralisation policy and the difficulties in managing fisheries using acommand style approach, it is proposed that the FMP is supported by a co-managementimplementation style of approach which is based on the existing governance administrative structureand enables management responsibilities to be shared between government, resource users andother key stakeholders.Perceived benefits of co-managementA n n e x 1 0 | 19Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportThere are several benefits of co-management. Not only does it promote thegovernment’s policy of decentralisation and a “bottom up” planning approach. But as all keystakeholders are involved in decision making it creates a common understanding, ownership andmore effective decision making. Intra-lake conflicts will be reduced as a result of better coordinationand dialogue between resource users and managers. Those who contravene regulations will be moreeasily brought to justice and will find it difficult to hide in fish landings as management would be lakewide.Create more sustainable employment and income base for those allowed to access the resources andengage in post-harvest activities. More consistent supplies of fish will help the development of valueaddedbusinesses.Resource users will be more able to provide indigenous knowledge to researchers and managers tohelp them better understand the lake and its resources and changes which are occurring. Resourceusers are also well placed to monitor changes in the resource and environment which can informresearch and management decisions.Self-control by resources users over management measures will reduce management costs togovernment. Cooperatives may provide funds for activities and offer voluntary help to reforest lakeshore area watershed management and patrol and monitor for illegal gears and closed areas.Enabling environment for co-managementFor co-management to succeed or be initiated there are a number of essential considerations.The GTP (MoFED 2010) is the key government policy framework for economic growth to 2015.Although it does not refer to the fisheries sector, it does encourage the strengthening of governancemechanisms and institutions which would support co-management.Political recognition of the urgent need to better manage Lake Ziway is seen amongst keystakeholders in the MoA at Federal level. And was the driving force behind the development of thisFMP. The same will and desire is also required at Regional, Zone and Woreda levels if serious changeis to take place and improved allocation of resources for management allocated. Awareness raisingregarding the problems and solutions for key decision makers is one way of changing perceptions.Awareness raising at both the Regional political level as well as at Woreda are seen as priorities.The legislative framework for co-management is required. For Lake Ziway this must start with theissuing of an Oromia Regional proclamation based on the Federal fish utilization proclamation315/2003. Subsequent Directives are also required and these could be designed to promote moreclearly the co-management approach. Supporting legislation for institutional arrangements may alsobe required so that management units are recognised as legal entities and are mandated with specificduties accordingly.There must also be a high level commitment to improve multi-stakeholder coordination andmanagement of activities which are occurring within the ecosystem and which are currently degradingthe terrestrial and aquatic environments. It will be of little use focussing solely on fisheries andignoring the impact of agriculture and industrial practices which are leading to siltation, waterabstraction and pollution. Issues such as wetland area management and buffer zone protection mustbe given priority. A Lake Management Committee would provide a forum for the various interestgroups to be represented and management to be coordinated.According to government law, all fishermen must be licenced. Such licencing is a pre-requisite for comanagementto take place as it is a way of ending the open access nature of the lake fishery andprovides a means to allocate user rights and hence control access and fishing effort. Licencing shouldbe linked to the number and type of fishing gear to be used. As well as licencing fishermen,consideration should be given to licencing fish traders and include conditions related to betterA n n e x 1 0 | 20Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal Reporthandling and distribution as part of the licence criteria. Also fish traders to berestricted from buying under size fish.Co-management may reduce the costs of management in the long term but introducing the processand implementing it will require funds for establishing kebele management units, capacity building,awareness raising, and dissemination amongst other things. Government should be prepared toallocate funding and co-management activities should be mainstreamed into the various governmentadministrative level annual work plans and budgeting process.At the same time local mechanisms should be explored that will enable funds to be generate tosupport management processes. Mechanisms include fees from licensing, penalties for contraveningregulations, levies from fish landings and market taxes.Specific development and research projects should be targeted at key issues effecting the fisheryresource and ecology of the lake. The involvement of NGOs and donors in this respect may beencouraged by senior officials from federal and regional governments.As well as financial resources, consideration should be given to improving the quantity and quality offisheries staff whose responsibilities lie at woreda and kebele level and whose role would extend tofostering co-management.Certainly there needs to be widening of the discussion regarding co-management in fisheries and howit can be achieved successfully. In terms of Lake Ziway, at the moment the concept is confined to afew government employees and therefore it needs to be discussed by a full range of stakeholdersincluding resource users. There are various mechanisms which could be used to achieve this. Theseinclude a lake wide awareness raising workshop, publication of summarised FMP approach and itsdistribution, radio talk shows and media reports.Co-management institutions and stakeholdersThere are a number of stakeholders who are directly involved in the exploitation of the fisheryresources, the utilization of resources within the lake ecosystem, governance and management. Thestakeholder analysis in Table ? provides an overview of these different public, private, civil society andacademic institutions and stakeholders. In terms of a suggested co-management system the followingdescribes the structure and roles of key institutions and potential partnership arrangements.Coordination is envisaged horizontally across different agencies and interest groups as well asvertically to ensure management information and guidance flows both from to and from the variousmanagement units or institutions described. Fig 3 summarises the proposed units and generalhierarchy and interaction process.A n n e x 1 0 | 21Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportFigure 3: Proposed co-management units and interactionsKebele Fisheries Management UnitManagement responsibilities will be devolved to the lakeshore kebele’s which are close to theresource and are well placed to monitor and oversee the activities of resource users and theimplementation of management measures. A Kebele Fisheries Management Unit (KFMU) wouldcomprise of the kebele administrator, BoA development/extension agent, fisheries fisher’srepresentative(s), community police/militia and community elders. Consideration should be given tothe involvement of ethnic group leaders and religious leaders who are often influential in terms ofnatural resource protection and conflict resolution. The KFMU would:Keep a register of all licensed fishers operating in its areaAdvise on the issuance of licencesDevelop by-laws related to FMP and development for endorsement by Woreda and localauthoritiesAdvise and train fishermen on management measuresMonitor and enforce the implementation of instituted bylaws related to aquatic and land useResolve conflictsOversee the sustainable use of the lakeshore environment and buffer zone.Assist in data collection and collaborate in research activitiesPrepare monthly reports on activities for submission to WFMUFinancial management related to revenues and activity expenditureA n n e x 1 0 | 22Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportThe KFMU will be a legally mandated institution responsible for educating resourceusers and as well as the administration of penalties and punishment for those who contravenebylaws. Funds for KFMU activities would be derived from licencing fees, levies on fish landings andtrade and fines from law enforcement.The potential of developing lower level management units or capacity should be explored focussed onthe agricultural development units within kebele’s.Woreda Fisheries Management UnitA Woreda Fisheries Management Unit (WFMU) would be responsible for coordinating activities acrossthe different lakeshore kebeles within its jurisdiction. The WFMU would be responsible for licencingresource users, provision of technical guidance and support to KFMU as well as monitoring andevaluating KFMU performance and conflict resolution which cannot be concluded at kebele level. TheWFMU would consist of the Woreda administrator, cooperative or fisher’s representative(s), fisheryofficer, environment officer and police. It would also be responsible for the monitoring ofenvironmental laws and the sustainable use of the lake shore and buffer zone environment.Zonal Management UnitA zonal level task force or management unit would include the zonal administrator, zonal fisheryofficer or Livestock Development and Health Agency officer, cooperative or fishermen representativeof the woredas, and environment officer and oversee the activities of the WFMU within its jurisdiction.It will be responsible for awareness raising for WFMU in resource management and sustainableutilization and the provision of information from research centres to WFMU for managementpurposes. The Zone will assist in the periodic updating of the FMP and according to an adaptivemanagement approach should advise on any changes required to management measures as well asthe co-management system. The Zone Unit also has a responsibility to liaise with agencies and theprivate sector e.g. industry, agriculture to ensure that activities within its jurisdiction are conductedaccording to the laws of the country and in a sustainable manner.Resource usersFishermen and the gears they use would be licenced and they would be affiliated to a KFMU orWFMU. They will have their representatives at the kebele, woreda and zone levels and be responsiblefor implementing bylaws related to harvesting of fishery resources and the protection of the aquaticenvironment and breeding grounds. data provision to researchers and fishery officers, collaboratewith other stakeholders.Fisheries Research CentreA key element of fisheries management is data. At the moment one of the main weaknesses infisheries management planning is the lack of current information on the resources as well as asystematic data collection system. The Ziway Fisheries Research Centre is well placed to conduct thenecessary research and advise on management decisions. At the time of writing it is understood thatstock assessment data is currently being collected and is due to be analysed in the near future. Oneof the roles of the research centre should be to facilitate the periodic evaluation of the currentmanagement plan and update it accordingly. It should also advise the zonal task force /managementunit of research results and advice to guide management. The centre should also advocate for otherresearch and conservation measures to be carried out related to the lake ecosystem.Lake Management CommitteeThere are a wide range of institutions and stakeholders which have a role to play in the sustainablemanagement of the lake. There is a need for lake wide coordination of management. A LakeA n n e x 1 0 | 23Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportManagement Committee chaired by the Regional Head of the Bureau of Agriculturewould provide a forum for the coordination of activities and interests of the key stakeholders.It is suggested the LMC comprises of representatives from the:Livestock Development and Health AgencyFisher communityTraders and ProcessorsZonal Management UnitHorticulture and agriculture industriesZiway Research CentreLand Use Planning and Environmental Protection AgencyJustice and securityBureau of Water ResourcesMunicipal councilThe committee would periodically review the status of the resources and activities carried out in thelake shore environment. It would coordinate the monitoring of the FMP implementation and itsregular updating and advise on activities to be conducted by the research and zonal units. Issuesrelated to conflict resolution and setting of management measures such as the allocation of licencesand the gear to be deployed would be agreed by the committee first.Action PlanThe following constitutes those immediate or short term activities or actions which are required tocontinue the development of and implement the FMP once it has been finalised and endorsed.GovernanceFederal Government acceptance of the FMP will be followed by Regional governmentendorsement and hence legal validity prior to proper implementation.Development and enactment of a Regional fisheries proclamation.Directives to be enacted and incorporate support for co-management.Licensing to provide user rights and control fishing effort is essential.Allocation of resources by government to support management e.g. co-managementapproach, research and data collection, increased manpower and incentives, monitoring andevaluation of FMP. Creation of management fund and local funding mechanisms e.g. waterabstraction tax, licencing fees etc. Co-management mainstreamed into annual work-plans.Fishery management measures to be discussed with resource users and interest groups anddecision rules added.A n n e x 1 0 | 24Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportCreation of co-management units and system at kebele, woreda, zone levelsand Lake Management Committee and the development of guidelines and terms of referencefor the different units.Specific research and development projects to address key threats and weaknesses anddonor and NGOs support.Capacity buildingWider discussion of co-management and the FMP amongst key stakeholders so far not included inthe process is required. Various mechanisms could be considered to achieve this e.g. lake widemulti-stakeholder workshop, media, resource user group meetings at woreda level.Strengthening in co-management and small-scale fisheries development of the AgricultureExtension Agents responsible for capacity building and supporting fishing and rural communitiesin the lake catchment area.Capacity building in co-management for the management units is required.Research capacity will need to be strengthened in terms of knowledge, skills and facilities,logistics and funding.Research and data collectionA priority is to establish routine research and data collection in order to understand the fisheryresource and associated socio-economics. Table 5 provides an overview of the data required formanagement purposes. Whilst Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Centre potentially could undertakethe scientific research in conjunction with the water resources bureau, it is not clear which institutionwould undertake socio-economic research activities.It is envisaged that resources users and the various co-management units would play a role in datacollection.There is an obvious urgent requirement for a baseline survey to determine current populations ofdifferent key stakeholders, fishing effort and trends as well as livelihood analyses and the contributionof the fishery to development objectives.Table 5: Suggested types of data and research required for managementMeansFrame surveyCatch AssessmentsurveyGillnet surveysIndicatorsTotal fishing effortDistribution of fishingeffortChanges in total effortChanges in facilitiesCatch compositionCatch rates and effort(CPUE)Length distribution ofcatch and maturity sizeAdditional biologicalsampling of catch asrequiredRoutine inshore populationmonitoringTemporalrequirementOnce every 2-4yearsEvery 3 monthsTwice yearly forlake wide (once perSpatial requirementLake-wide and synoptic(all states undertakesurvey at the sametime)Lake-wide, synopticLocal and lake-wideA n n e x 1 0 | 25Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportMeansWater qualityIndicatorsBiological characteristics ofinshore speciesBiomass indicesSelectivity of gill netsBiodiversity indicesEnvironmental parametersin shallow inshore areasChemical compositionSedimentation levelsTemporalrequirementquarter at localstation)6 monthly Lake wideSpatial requirementEcosystemchangesSocio-economicsLand use changesAquatic and terrestrialbiodiversityContribution toemployment, foodsecurity, income, povertyreductionValue-chain analysisFish prices and markettrendsRegularly carriedoutAnnual andmonthly dependingon the parametere.g. fish prices andmarkets monthlyLake wideFishing communitiesand nearby urbancentresFMP Monitoring and RevisionDaily monitoring of management measures will be the responsibility of the KFMUs supervised by theWFMU. ZFMU will have local responsibility for supervising and monitoring the FMP and reporting tothe LMC and ultimately to the Regional BoA. It is suggested that the BoA staff and extension agentslead the monitoring and supervision process. One of the main monitoring mechanisms will be thedata collection activities outlined in Table 5. These will enable FMP objectives to be monitored andmanagement decisions to be informed.The FMP is a working document and will require regular updating based on monitoring and generalevaluations of progress at the recommendation of the LMC and in light of the availability of newinformation on the resource and other issues. It is recommended that once data on stocks, fishingeffort and socio-economics is available, then the FMP and especially the achievement of goals andobjectives is assessed and then updated accordingly and changed to management measuresintroduced if necessary. In terms of timing, it is suggested that the FMP is reviewed and updatedannually.ReferencesLake Ziway M.Sc. Thesis. Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa University.Felegeselam, 2003, Management of Lake Ziway Fisheries in Ethiopia. M Sc. Thesis for NorwegianCollege of Fishery Science University of TromsøLFDP, Phase II, 1997. Working Paper Lake Management PlansMinistry of Water Resources (2007) Rift valley lakes basin integrated resources developmentmasterplan study report. Halcrow Group Ltd and Generation Integrated Rural DevelopmentConsultants Report.Schroder, R. 1984. An attempt to estimate the fish stock and sustainable yield of Lake Ziway andLake Abaya, Ethiopian Rift Valley. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement Band 69.A n n e x 1 0 | 26Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportTadesse, Z. 1988. Studies on some aspects of the biology of Oreochromis niloticusLinn. (Pisces: Cichlidae) inWudneh, T. 1998. Biology and management of Fish stocks in Bahir Dar gulf, Lake Tana.A n n e x 1 0 | 27Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd

Training for Fisheries Management Planning in EthiopiaFinal ReportAnnex 11. FMP Validation Meeting ParticipantsLake Chamo FMP Validation Meeting, Tadesse Enjory Hotel, April 18, 2011NameAddress & contact detailsAto Tonjo Toito Gamo Gofa Zone Admin Special CounsellorMob: 0468810403Ato Awoi AliNech Sar National ParkMob: 0916856817 awalali73@yahoo.comBimrew Tadesse Gamogofa Dept of AgricultureMob: 0916830957Solomon LafeArbraminch Fishermen’s CooperativeMob: 0913398393Laloto SadoreFishery Expert Regional Bureau of AgricultureMob: 0911772804Edmealem Shitaye Ministry of Agriculture Extension DirectorateMob: 0913165921Hussein Abegaz Ministry of Agriculture Extension DirectorateMob: 0911172571Dusta GabrielRegional Administrator, Bureau of AgricultureMob: 09113742401Lake Ziway FMP Validation Meeting Ziway Fisheries Resources Research Centre, April 19, 2011NameAddress & contact detailsBulbula Regassa Oromia Livestock Development and Health AgencyMob: 0911663451Sisay AbebeEast showa Zone Fishery ExpertMob: 0911811792Tamiremariam Meskel Ormoia Livestock Development and Health AgencyMob: 0911983782Lemma AberaZiway Fishery Research CentreMob: 0916820678Tadessa GuttaOromia Livestock Development and Health AgencyMob: 0911894259Hussein Abegaz Ministry of Agriculture Extension DirectorateMob: 0911172571Edmealean Shitaye Ministry of Agriculture Extension DirectorateMob: 0913165921Mamo EbsaArsi Zone Livestock AgentMob: 0911842405Abubeker Sado Arsi Zone AdminMob: 0911752720Leulseged Shiferaa Arsi Zone Livestock AgentMob: 0910399608Abebe GulisoEast Showa Zone AdminMob: 0911055409Amdie Merdasa Adamitu AdminMob: 0912700294Muhammed Amara East Showa AdminMob: 0911932527Aman AbdellaAdom Tulu Cooperative OfficerMob: 0911936238Megerissa Endebu Ziway Fisheries Resources Research CentreMob: 0911044974Aysha HassenZiway Fishery OfficerMob: 0913467388Ifan KuryuZiway Livestock AgentMob: 0911772358Feyisoo JiruuA/t/j/Ko WoredaMob; 0910329977A n n e x 1 1 | 1Project funded by the European UnionA project implemented by Cardno Emerging Markets (UK) Ltd