Lectures on Modern History - Faculty of Social Sciences

<strong>Lectures</strong> on Modern History/31capable of resisting him. Just then, he died, Otranto was lost, and theenterprise was not renewed. His people were a nation of soldiers, not anation of sailors. For operations beyond sea they relied on the seamen ofthe Ægean, generally Christians, as they had required the help of Genoeseships to ferry them over the Hellespont.Under Bajazet, the successor, there was some rest for Europe. Hisbrother, who was a dangerous competitor, as the crown went to the onewho survived, fled for safety to the Christians, and was detained as ahostage, beyond the possibility of ransom, by the Knights of St John,and then by the Pope. The Sultan paid, that he might be kept quiet.For years the Turks were busy in the East. Selim conquered Syriaand part of Persia. He conquered Arabia, and was acknowledged by theSheriff of Mecca caliph and protector of the holy shrine. He conqueredEgypt and assumed the prerogative of the Imaum, which had been ashadow at Cairo, but became, at Constantinople, the supreme authorityin Islam. Gathering up the concentrated resources of the Levant, Solymanthe Magnificent turned, at last, against the enemy who guarded the gatesof civilised Europe. Having taken Belgrade, he undertook, in 1526, thecrowning campaign of Turkish history. At the battle of Mohacs Hungarylost her independence. The Turks found a Transylvanian magnatewho was willing to receive the crown from them; and the broad valley ofthe Danube continued to be their battlefield until the days of Sobieskiand Eugene. But the legitimate heir of King Ladislas, who fell at Mohacs,was Ferdinand, only brother of Charles V; and Hungary, with the vastregion then belonging to the Bohemian crown, passing to the same handsas the ancient inheritance of the Habsburgs, constituted the great Austrianmonarchy which extended from the Adriatic to the far Sarmatianplain, and Solyman’s victory brought him face to face with the firstPower able to arrest his progress. The Turks were repulsed at Vienna in1529, at Malta in 1564. This was their limit in Western Europe; andafter Lepanto, in 1571, their only expansion was at the expense of Polandand Muscovy. They still wielded almost boundless resources; theentire seaboard from Cattaro all round by the Euxine to the Atlanticwas Mahomedan, and all but one-fourth of the Mediterranean was aTurkish lake. It was long before they knew that it was not their destinyto be masters of the Western as well as of the Eastern world.While this heavy cloud overhung the Adriatic and the Danube, andthe countries within reach of the Turk were in peril of extinction, thenations farther west were consolidating rapidly into unity and power.