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34/John ActonRome, with a view to ulterior service, but whom he lost soon after.Charles VIII was not a man ripened by experience of great affairs,and he had assumed the title of King of Jerusalem, as a sign of hiscrusading purpose. But he also called himself King of Sicily, as representingthe Anjous, and this was not a disused and neglected derelict Forthe island belonged to the King of Aragon, the most politic and capableof European monarchs. Before starting for Italy, Charles had made termswith him, and Ferdinand, in consideration of a rectified frontier, badengaged, by the Treaty of Barcelona, to take no unfriendly advantage ofhis neighbour’s absence. The basis of this agreement was shattered bythe immediate unexpected and overwhelming success of the French arms.From his stronghold in the South it would be easy for Charles to makehimself master of Rome, of Florence, of all Italy, until he came in sightof the lion of St. Mark. So vast and sudden a superiority was a seriousdanger. A latent jealousy of Spain underlay the whole expedition. Therealm of the Catholic kings was expanding, and an indistinct empire,larger, in reality, than that of Rome, was rising out of the Atlantic. By avery simple calculation of approaching contingencies, Ferdinand mightbe suspected of designs upon Naples. Now that the helplessness of theNeapolitans had been revealed, it was apparent that he had made a falsereckoning when he allowed the French to occupy what he might havetaken more easily himself, by crossing the Straits of Messina. Ferdinandjoined the Italians of the North in declaring against the invader, and hisenvoy Fonseca tore up the Treaty of Barcelona before the face of theFrench king.Having been crowned in the Cathedral, and having garrisoned hisfortresses, Charles set out for France, at the head of a small army. As hecame over the Apennines into Lombardy, at Pomovo he was met by alarger force, chiefly provided by Venice, and had to fight his way through.A fortnight after his departure, the Spaniards, under Gonsalvo ofCordova, landed in Calabria, as auxiliaries of the dethroned king. Thethrone was once more occupied by the fallen family, and Charles retainednothing of his easy and inglorious conquests when he died in1498.His successor, Lewis XII, was the Duke of Orleans, who descendedfrom the Visconti, and he at once prepared to enforce his claim on Milan.He allied himself against his rival, Sforza, with Venice, and with PopeAlexander. That he might marry the widowed queen, and preserve herduchy of Brittany for the Crown, he required that his own childless
<strong>Lectures</strong> on Modern History/35marriage should be annulled. Upon the Legate who brought the necessarydocuments the grateful king bestowed a principality, a bride ofalmost royal rank, and an army wherewith to reconquer the lost possessionsof the Church in Central Italy. For the Legate was the Cardinal ofValencia, who became thenceforward Duke of Valentinois, and is betterknown as Cassar Borgia. The rich Lombard plain, the garden of Italy,was conquered as easily as Naples had been in the first expedition. Sforzasaid to the Venetians : “I have been the dinner; you will be the supper”;and went up into the Alps to look for Swiss levies. At Novara, in 1500,his mercenaries betrayed him and he ended his days in a French prison.On their way home from the scene of their treachery, the Swiss crownedtheir evil repute by seizing Bellinzona and the valley of the Ticino, whichhas remained one of their cantons.Lewis, undisputed master of Milan and Genoa, assured of the Romanand the Venetian alliance, was in a better position than his predecessorto renew the claim on the throne of Naples. But now, behindFrederic of Naples, there was Ferdinand of Aragon and Sicily, who wasnot likely to allow the king for whom he had fought to be deposed withoutresistance. Therefore it was a welcome suggestion when Ferdinandproposed that they should combine to expel Frederic and to divide hiskingdom. As it was Ferdinand who had just reinstated him, this was anadaptation to the affairs of Christendom of the methods which passedfor justice in the treatment of unbelievers, and were applied withoutscruple by the foremost men of the age, Albuquerque and Cortez. Fredericturned for aid to the Sultan, and this felonious act was put forward asthe justification of his aggressors. The Pope sanctioned the Treaty ofPartition, and as the Crown of Naples was technically in his gift, hedeprived the king on the ground stated by the allies. The exquisite significanceof the plea was that the Pope himself had invited Turkish interventionin Italy, and now declared it a cause of forfeiture. In 1501French and Spaniards occupied their allotted portions, and then quarrelledover the distribution of the spoil. For a time Gonsalvo, “the greatCaptain,” was driven to bay at Barletta on the Adriatic; but at the end of1503 he won a decisive victory, and the defeated French, under Bayard,withdrew from the Garigliano to the Po. Naples remained a dependencyof Spain, for all purposes, in modern history.In the midst of foreign armies, and of new combinations disturbingthe established balance of Italian Powers, the lesser potentates wereexposed to destruction; and there were forces about sufficient, under
Page 1 and 2: Lectures on Modern
Page 3: ContentsInaugural Lecture: On the S
Page 6 and 7: 6/John Actonexperience, is eminentl
Page 8 and 9: 8/John Actonideas which we call the
Page 10 and 11: 10/John Actonhave borne testimony a
Page 12 and 13: 12/John Actonchiefly belonged to th
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Page 16 and 17: 16/John ActonFrance, explained and
Page 18 and 19: 18/John Actonappears to us, is thei
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Page 26 and 27: 26/John Actonforgive whatever we re
Page 28 and 29: 28/John Actonand settled custom of
Page 30 and 31: 30/John Actoneven by the restoratio
Page 32 and 33: 32/John ActonBy the marriage of Fer
Page 36 and 37: 36/John Actoncapable guidance, to r
Page 38 and 39: 38/John Actonesque and romantic fig
Page 40 and 41: 40/John Actonnasty of emperors went
Page 42 and 43: 42/John ActonItaly, and became, by
Page 44 and 45: 44/John Actonapplied to Rome, and N
Page 46 and 47: 46/John Actonthey were enemies of t
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Page 50 and 51: 50/John Actonflaw, for the true dim
Page 52 and 53: 52/John Actonup for it in slaves. H
Page 54 and 55: 54/John Actontime in 1616 by the Du
Page 56 and 57: 56/John Actonthe first-fruits of hi
Page 58 and 59: 58/John Actonfrom the Tiber to the
Page 60 and 61: 60/John Actonglected truth, remaine
Page 62 and 63: 62/John Actonsures had been lost. C
Page 64 and 65: 64/John ActonVatican library, the f
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Page 68 and 69: 68/John Actonsessed the scientific
Page 70 and 71: 70/John ActonErasmus Rogers, the gr
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84/John ActonErasmus, the quarrel w
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88/John Actonthem too quickly, or t
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90/John ActonBenedictines was usele
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92/John ActonAs trials for witchcra
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96/John ActonCervini in 1555, refor
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98/John ActonThe outward sign was t
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102/John ActonEngland. The general
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104/John Actonbecame the two hundre
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108/John ActonSpain was the enemy;
Page 110 and 111:
110/John Actonprorogued the Legatin
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118/John Actonmeant for the right a
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130/John ActonIX. Henry the Fourth
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132/John Actonin History.Henry IV c
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134/John Actonpretensions clashed u
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136/John Actonto death by complaisa
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138/John Actonrenewing the theories
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150/John ActonXI. The Puritan Revol
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160/John ActonThe nation was glad t
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166/John ActonIt was during this st
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180/John ActonTwo facts governed th
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182/John ActonBut war on land would
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202/John ActonThe old order termina
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212/John ActonXVII. Peter the Great
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222/John ActonXVIII. Frederic the G
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226/John Actontaken in tow by Hanov
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230/John ActonGerman prince, marrie
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234/John Actonby their victory at Q
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