Wood-Chip Heating Systems - Biomass Energy Resource Center

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WOOD CHIP HEATING SYSTEMS 76 APPENDIX B Northeastern State Energy Offi ces Connecticut ENERGY RESEARCH AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT UNIT Strategic Management Division Connecticut Offi ce of Policy and Management 450 Capitol Ave. MS#52Enr PO Box 341441 Hartford, CT 06134-1441 (860) 418-6297 Delaware ENERGY OFFICE Thomas Collins Building, Suite 1 540 South DuPont Highway Dover, DE 19901 (302) 739-5644 Maine ENERGY CONSERVATION DIVISION Department of Economic and Community Development State House Station No. 59 Augusta, ME 04333-0059 (207) 624-6000 Maryland MARYLAND ENERGY ADMINIS- TRATION 1623 Forest Drive, Suite 300 Annapolis, MD 21403 (410) 260-7511 1-800-72ENERGY Massachusetts DIVISION OF ENERGY RESOURCES Department of Economic Development 70 Franklin Street, Seventh Floor Boston, MA 02110-1313 (617) 727-4732 New Hampshire NH BIOFUELS PROJECT NH Governor’s Offi ce of Energy and Community Services 57 Regional Drive Concord NH 03301-8519 (603) 271-2611 New Jersey OFFICE OF CLEAN ENERGY New Jersey Board of Public Utilities 44 South Clinton Street, PO Box 350 Trenton, NJ 08625-0350 (973) 648-3717 New York NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 17 Columbia Circle Albany NY 12203 (518) 862-1090 Pennsylvania PENNSYLVANIA ENERGY Offi ce of Pollution and Compliance Assistance Department of Environmental Protection PO Box 2063 400 Market Street, RCSOB Harrisburg, PA 17105 (717) 783-0542 Rhode Island RHODE ISLAND STATE ENERGY OFFICE 1 Capital Hill, 2nd Floor Providence, RI 02908 (401) 222-3370 Vermont DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE Energy Effi ciency Division 112 State Street, Drawer 20 Montpelier, VT 05620 (802) 828-2811
APPENDIX C Wood-Fuel Energy Data I. Energy Content The energy content of wood can be characterized in a number of ways: • BTU CONTENT OF DRY WOOD It is generally accepted that the average energy content of bone-dry wood is 8,500 Btus/lb. (“bone-dry” is the state defi ned by a laboratory test in which a wood sample is heated until all the water is driven off; bonedry is generally synonymous with oven-dry). 1 Actual energy content of any sample will depend on the mix of species included in the sample (and other factors), and can only be determined by laboratory testing. Typical heating values of dry wood for common northeastern species are given in the table below. Typical Dry-Sample Heating Values (GHV-DS) Various Wood Species Common to the Northeast (in Btus/dry lb.) 2 Hardwoods Ash, white Birch, white Elm Hickory Maple Oak, red Oak, white Poplar Softwoods Cedar, white Hemlock, eastern Pine, white Average Low High 8885 8246 8019 8171 8039 7995 8037 8169 8311 7780 8306 8920 8650 8810 8670 8580 8690 8810 8920 8400 8900 This energy content is called variously the gross heating value of the dry sample (GHV-DS), the oven-dry gross heating value (oven-dry GHV), or the oven-dry high heating value (oven-dry HHV). • GROSS BTU CONTENT OF WOOD ADJUSTED FOR MOISTURE CONTENT Fuel biomass, as it is delivered, is never bone-dry. As-delivered or as-fi red wood can be characterized by its GHV-DS, its moisture content (or MC, expressed as a percent), and the resulting Btu content of the wood in the sample (GHV-AF). The Btu content of the as-fi red wood can be calculated as follows: 3 GHV-AF = GHV-DS x (1 - MC/100) For example, if the dry-sample gross heating value is 8,500 Btus/lb. and the moisture content is 40%, the asfi red heating value is 5,100 Btus/lb.: For a 1 lb. sample of green wood at 40% moisture, weight of water = 1 x (MC/100) = .4 lb. weight of wood = 1 x (1 - MC/100) = .6 lb GHV-AF = 8,500 x (1 - 40/100) = 5,100 Btus/lb. The following chart converts gross heating value from a dry basis (assuming 8,500 Btus/lb.) to an as-fi red basis. Moisture Content (MC) oven-dry 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% Gross Heating Value (GHV-AF) 8500 6375 5950 5525 5100 4675 4250 3825 3400 The fi gure of 5,100 Btus/lb., or 10.2 MMBtu/ton, based on a GHV-DS of 8,500 Btus/lb. and a moisture WOOD CHIP HEATING SYSTEMS 77
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Wood-Chip Heating Systems A Guide F
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Wood-Chip Heating Systems A Guide F
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TABLE OF CONTENTS How to Use This B
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The appendices may be consulted as
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urners in the biomass fuel-producin
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Fuel Hardwood Chips No. 2 Fuel Oil
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Randolph Union High School, Randolp
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CHAPTER TWO Wood Chips and Other Ty
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Barre Town Elementary School, Barre
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in a system designed to burn hardwo
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Figure 3.1 A Typical Biomass System
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An Important Relationship: Fuel Sou
Page 25 and 26:
Murray Farms Greenhouse, Penacook,
Page 27 and 28: oiler facility. However, the backup
Page 29 and 30: The use of powerful and potentially
Page 31 and 32: in effi ciency: the higher the mois
Page 33 and 34: an effi ciency of 69%. This differe
Page 35 and 36: at a higher capital cost. For examp
Page 37 and 38: Older Residential Stove 1 EPA Certi
Page 39 and 40: CHAPTER SIX Types of Biomass Combus
Page 41 and 42: Figure 6.2 Two-Chamber Combustion S
Page 43 and 44: Cost-Effectiveness of Wood-Chip Sys
Page 45 and 46: Figure 7.3 Existing Gas Cost/ccf $3
Page 47 and 48: a value, independent of concerns ab
Page 49 and 50: • initial system equipment/instal
Page 51 and 52: engineering fi rms that specialize
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER NINE Finding Capital to Pay
Page 55 and 56: installation and do not incur the r
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER TEN Putting Together and Im
Page 59 and 60: The Importance of the System Operat
Page 61 and 62: Q: Will wood smoke cause acid rain?
Page 63 and 64: Data on the installed cost of bioma
Page 65 and 66: say exactly how it should do that.
Page 67 and 68: Green Acres, Barre, Vermont Facilit
Page 69 and 70: Contracting and Project Structure O
Page 71 and 72: fully trained in operating, maintai
Page 73 and 74: CHAPTER TWELVE The Future of Biomas
Page 75 and 76: maintenance time has been reduced t
Page 77: APPENDIX A Northeast Regional Bioma
Page 81 and 82: APPENDIX D Assumptions Used in Deve
Page 83 and 84: Current year oil price . . . . . .
Page 85 and 86: Net Annual Savings $100,000 $90,000
Page 87 and 88: Glossary Appliance effi ciency: The
Page 89 and 90: Furnace: The primary combustion cha
Page 91 and 92: Sizing: The process of specifying t
Page 93: Jarrett, Branyon O. “Catch 22 in
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