Spatial and Social Inequalities in Human Development: India in the ...

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ArmeniaDominicanJordanParaguayGabonPhilippinesSyrianTurkmenistanIndonesiaHondurasBoliviaVietMoldovaUzbekistanGuatemalaEgyptNicaraguaNamibiaMoroccoIndiaCongoCambodiaComorosYemenPakistanSwazilandNepalMadagascarBangladeshKenyaHaitiTanzaniaGhanaCameroonMauritaniaLesothoUgandaNigeriaTogoMalawiBeninZambiaEritreaSenegalRwandaGambiaLiberiaGuineaEthiopiaMozambiqueChadCongoBurkinaMaliCentralNiger300Graph 4: Difference in under 5 mortality rate per thousand live births in the lowest andhighest wealth quintiles250200150100500-50Source: World Development Indicators 2010The pattern, emerging from the computation of the inequality adjusted indices for the threehuman development dimensions in India at the state level (Suryanarayana et. al. 2011) for therecent years (Graph 5), confirms this pattern. Clearly, the loss in income due to inequality is 14per cent only, significantly below that of health and educational index that work out to 33 percent and 41 per cent respectively (Table 2). The loss in health index in India would have beenhigher if the measure of inequality was worked out by using household level data instead ofstate level data. Furthermore, the interstate inequality is very high for educational and healthindices, more than twice that of income index. The correlation between the inequality index forincome and that in education is negative (-.19) but statistically insignificant, that betweenincome and health index is negative but statistically significant (-.47). More importantly theinequality indices for education and health relate positively (.77). One can argue that inequalityin health to an extent is determined by the inequality in income but that in education is notsignificantly affected by the latter. However, low inequality in health is strongly related withthat in education. One would infer that the variation, say in infant mortality can be reduced byreducing inequality in education.9
Andhra PradeshAssamBiharChhattisgarhGujaratHaryanaHimachal PradeshJharkhandKarnatakaKeralaMadhya PradeshMaharashtraOrissaPunjabRajasthanTamilUttar PradeshUttarakhandWest BengalIndiaGraph 5: Percentage loss in the three inequality adjusted indices of human development forthe Indian States 201150.045.040.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.0Income Education Health HDISource : Suryanarayana et. al. (2011)Serious concerns have been raised in the above context with the recent release of theinformation related to poverty, hunger and health related indicators in the Statistical Year Bookof India for 2013. It is evident that India will miss the MDGs relating to reduction in poverty,malnutrition, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate etc. as the current rates aresignificantly below the target values. It would be important to consider a few of the indicatorspertaining to these aspects and assess the extent to which the inequality in the health andeducational outcomes as also in the access to basic amenities are responsible for the deficits inour achievements for the MDGs.3. Trends in Economic Growth and Spatial InequalityIncome differentials across the statesIn a country as vast and as regionally differentiated as India, a discussion on growth scenariowill be incomplete without bringing in the interstate and rural-urban differences into account,as shown above. In particular, the period since the early nineties has come under close scrutinyas the country has entered a new policy regime of globalization, ushering in an era of ‘greatereconomic efficiency and accountability’, and bringing down subsidies and bureaucratic10
Page 1 and 2: Spatial and Social Inequalities in
Page 3 and 4: Spatial and Social Inequalities in
Page 5 and 6: QatarHungaryBarbadosPolandChileLith
Page 7 and 8: NorwayGermanySwitzerlandHong Kong,
Page 9: KiribatiKyrgyzstanNamibiaIraqTimor-
Page 13 and 14: Table 3: Average, Standard Deviatio
Page 16 and 17: 7793.697.594.293.610698.3124.1124.9
Page 18 and 19: Graph 9: Persons below the poverty
Page 20 and 21: Table 4: Percentage of children out
Page 22 and 23: The infant mortality rates (IMR), u
Page 24 and 25: Delhi NCT 85.5 97.8 93.4 99.1Rajast
Page 26 and 27: Uttar Pradesh 80.8 78.2 20 16.9Biha
Page 28 and 29: Table 10: Per capita consumption ex
Page 30 and 31: 16001400120010008006004002000Graph
Page 32 and 33: with that of other Hindus or total
Page 34 and 35: enroll at that level, instead of go
Page 36 and 37: emains very high in 2008-09. A simi
Page 38 and 39: Source: NSS unit level dataTable 17
Page 40 and 41: and goes well below the average fig
Page 42 and 43: earnings than a male in a similar j
Page 44 and 45: Registrar General (2008): SRS Bulle

Spatial and Social Inequalities in Human Development: India in the ...

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