Spatial and Social Inequalities in Human Development: India in the ...

Source: NSS unit level dataTable 17: Access to latrine facilities of different types by social groups 2002 and 2008-09Exclusive use of householdShared with otherhouseholdsScheduledtribeJuly-December 2002ScheduledcasteOtherbackwardclassOthers11.4 14.5 23.8 43.9 27.55.6 5.9 6.3 10.4 7.5Public/community latrine 2.1 3.9 3.0 4.9 3.8No latrine facility 78.1 74.9 65.8 38.8 59.8Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0AllScheduledtribe2008-09ScheduledCaste OBC Others AllExclusive use of household 20.7 22.8 33.6 55.4 36.9Shared with other households 8.4 9.0 9.9 15.0 11.1Public / Community Latrine 1.9 3.2 2.3 3.5 2.8No Latrine facilities 69.1 65.0 54.2 26.1 49.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0Source: Computed from NSS unit level dataThe Gender DimensionAs far as gender based inequalities are concerned, the magnitude have been noted to be veryhigh although there has been decline in recent years due to increase in literacy andemployment rate among women, exposure to global media, modernization and resultantchanges in social norms. The studies focusing on this aspect, however, have mostly beenundertaken at micro level, at best covering a sector or region. The data generated by officialagencies at macro level do not capture the magnitude of gender differentiation not only insocial but also in economic spheres. Attempts to estimate income for men and women at37