Spatial and Social Inequalities in Human Development: India in the ...

Recommendations

Info

7793.697.594.293.610698.3124.1124.9134.8149167.7168171.4167.6Graph 7: Coefficient of Variation in monthly per capita expenditure computed fromhousehold level data20018016014012010080601993-942004-052009-1040200RuralCities with Mplus PopOther UrbanAreasAll UrbanTotalSource: Computed from NSS unit level data.In view of the fact that reliable income figures for rural and urban areas are not available atregular intervals, it has been considered appropriate to assess the trend in R-U inequality usingthe data for consumption expenditure. There has been a much steeper rise in per capitaconsumption expenditure in urban than rural areas in real terms in the nineties and subsequentyears compared to the preceding years (Graph 8). The discussion on consumption expenditureand poverty has been undertaken with a slightly longer time horizon taking 1972-73 as thestarting point since there were major anti-poverty initiatives launched in the seventies as alsobecause temporally comparable data became available since then. This graph and thesubsequent one on poverty shows trend since 1972-73 just to bring home that consumptioninequality did not rise sharply until 1993-94 and that rural and urban poverty had almostconverged in the early nineties.15
Graph 8: Monthly Per Capita Consumption (Rs.) at current prices 1972-73 to 2009-102500.0All-India Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (Rs.)at Current Prices 1972-73 to 2009-102000.01500.01000.0500.00.02009-102007-082006-072005-062004-0599-0093-9487-888377-7872-73RuralUrbanPoverty has shown a declining trend in rural and urban areas, as one would note from thedownward sloping continuous line in Graph 9. A significant point is that the gap between ruraland urban poverty figures has not gone up even in recent years, despite the growing gap inconsumption expenditures. One may ask why this is the case when with implementation ofreform measures, cities and towns are the first to get linked to global market, attractinginvestments both from within and outside the country, and consequently the developmentbenefits in terms of poverty reduction are likely to be higher in urban than rural areas. Further,given that the growth in agriculture has at best been modest, exhibiting also high instabilityover time, rural poverty declining faster than urban poverty during nineties and thereafterwould be considered anomalous.16
Page 1 and 2: Spatial and Social Inequalities in
Page 3 and 4: Spatial and Social Inequalities in
Page 5 and 6: QatarHungaryBarbadosPolandChileLith
Page 7 and 8: NorwayGermanySwitzerlandHong Kong,
Page 9 and 10: KiribatiKyrgyzstanNamibiaIraqTimor-
Page 11 and 12: Andhra PradeshAssamBiharChhattisgar
Page 13 and 14: Table 3: Average, Standard Deviatio
Page 18 and 19: Graph 9: Persons below the poverty
Page 20 and 21: Table 4: Percentage of children out
Page 22 and 23: The infant mortality rates (IMR), u
Page 24 and 25: Delhi NCT 85.5 97.8 93.4 99.1Rajast
Page 26 and 27: Uttar Pradesh 80.8 78.2 20 16.9Biha
Page 28 and 29: Table 10: Per capita consumption ex
Page 30 and 31: 16001400120010008006004002000Graph
Page 32 and 33: with that of other Hindus or total
Page 34 and 35: enroll at that level, instead of go
Page 36 and 37: emains very high in 2008-09. A simi
Page 38 and 39: Source: NSS unit level dataTable 17
Page 40 and 41: and goes well below the average fig
Page 42 and 43: earnings than a male in a similar j
Page 44 and 45: Registrar General (2008): SRS Bulle

Spatial and Social Inequalities in Human Development: India in the ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?