Spatial and Social Inequalities in Human Development: India in the ...

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TongaDominican RepublicSamoaChinaThailandSurinameEl SalvadorMongoliaParaguayMoldova (Republic of)UzbekistanMicronesia (Federated States of)BotswanaIndonesiaUnfortunately, the situation changes when we consider the 27 countries in the middle categoryof human development (Graph 2). The average loss in income index due to intra-countryinequality goes up by 56 per cent compared to the very high and high development categorybut that in health and education, the indices go up by 124 per cent and 200 per centrespectively. The inter country variations are also higher here, as may be seen in the highervalue of standard deviation. In case of the third category of 65 less developed countries, theaverage loss due to income inequality is very high but less than that in the medium category.However, the losses due to health and educational inequality in absolute and relative terms areextremely high, much above that of other two categories (Graph 3). Most significantly, the intercountry inequality in health index in these countries is more than two times that of thecountries belonging to higher categories of human development.Graph 2: Loss in the inequality adjusted indices of human development for the countries inmedium development category, in descending order of overall HDI, 201350.045.040.035.030.025.020.015.010.05.00.0Loss (%) LExpLoss (%) EduLoss (%) Income7
KiribatiKyrgyzstanNamibiaIraqTimor-LesteIndiaBhutanSolomon IslandsBangladeshMyanmarTanzania (United Republic of)MauritaniaLesothoHaitiDjiboutiRwandaMalawiEthiopiaGuinea-BissauGuineaMaliMozambiqueGraph 3: Loss in the inequality adjusted indices of human development for the countries inlow development category, in descending order of overall HDI, 201380.070.060.050.040.030.020.010.00.0Loss (%) LExpLoss (%) EduLoss (%) IncomeThe loss in health index can partly be attributed to inequality in access to water and sanitation,particularly in urban areas. The analysis of cross country data show that the health outcome ina country depends not so much on average health expenditure but on marginal expenditure onwater and sanitation in marginal areas within their cities 1 . The differences in the under 5mortality rate between the households in the highest and the lowest quintiles are presented fordifferent countries in Graph 4 that sharply bring out the inequality in one of the majorindicators of health outcome.1 See Cheng, Schuster-Wallace, Watt, Newbold and Mente (2012)8
Page 1 and 2: Spatial and Social Inequalities in
Page 3 and 4: Spatial and Social Inequalities in
Page 5 and 6: QatarHungaryBarbadosPolandChileLith
Page 7: NorwayGermanySwitzerlandHong Kong,
Page 11 and 12: Andhra PradeshAssamBiharChhattisgar
Page 13 and 14: Table 3: Average, Standard Deviatio
Page 16 and 17: 7793.697.594.293.610698.3124.1124.9
Page 18 and 19: Graph 9: Persons below the poverty
Page 20 and 21: Table 4: Percentage of children out
Page 22 and 23: The infant mortality rates (IMR), u
Page 24 and 25: Delhi NCT 85.5 97.8 93.4 99.1Rajast
Page 26 and 27: Uttar Pradesh 80.8 78.2 20 16.9Biha
Page 28 and 29: Table 10: Per capita consumption ex
Page 30 and 31: 16001400120010008006004002000Graph
Page 32 and 33: with that of other Hindus or total
Page 34 and 35: enroll at that level, instead of go
Page 36 and 37: emains very high in 2008-09. A simi
Page 38 and 39: Source: NSS unit level dataTable 17
Page 40 and 41: and goes well below the average fig
Page 42 and 43: earnings than a male in a similar j
Page 44 and 45: Registrar General (2008): SRS Bulle

Spatial and Social Inequalities in Human Development: India in the ...

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