titlepage/contents pg 1-16 - British Parking Association

54 Chapter 5Figure 5.1: Parking Objectives withinthe wider context.achieving sustainabletransport. Parking regulationmay be seen as the ‘stick’and will only succeedalongside other activitiessuch as the opportunity tointroduce environmentalimprovements and highquality regenerationschemes;● The context: The types ofcontrol need to reflect thelocality and how they fit into awider context. It is unrealisticto expect parking to belimited in one area inisolationunlesscomplementary policies areapplied in other areas; and● Improvements toalternatives to the car: Amove away from access bycar can only be successful ifattractive alternatives areavailable. This may involveinvestment in or subsidy ofother modes, and so aParking Strategy must beconsistent with suchmeasures as set out in theLocal Transport Plan.Parking as an influenceon Trip Generation:Patterns and ModalChoiceParking is a key demandmanagement tool. Theavailability of parking has amajor influence on the transportchoices people make. Inparticular, restricting the amountof parking at new developmentprovides a form of restraint thatcan help limit traffic levels and/ormitigate traffic growth as well asstrongly influence modal split.Hence, the amount and type ofparking at a development is akey factor in its generation oftrips. Work by the TRL (1) thatinvestigated the impacts of arange of transport policies in fivecities pointed to the importanceof parking policy in influencingtraffic levels. Similarly, LPAC (2)and SERPLAN (3) showed therelationship between parkingpolicy and modal split.LPAC’s Parking Advice (4)argued that current modal splitsin an area could be used as animportant input into a parkingstrategy. In particular, itsuggested that parkingstandards should not be moregenerous than those required toaccommodate the averagemodal split for similar journeys.This work highlights the criticalimportance of location inachieving a modal splitfavourable to public transport,walking and cycling. Theposition of Central London in thisrespect has long beenacknowledged. LPAC’s workalso demonstrated that towncentre locations could increasepublic transport’s proportion oftrips around two to three timesand significantly increase accessby non-motorised modes. Evendevelopments that have becomeassociated with access by carcan retain a significantproportion of access by othermodes given the right location.Planning and transport policiesneed to build on this. The startingpoint is locations that provide formulti-modal access supported byrestraint-based parking andmore rigorous trafficmanagement.The amount of residentialparking is also a critical factor indetermining car ownershiplevels. This is particularly so inmany inner city areas whereNationalandregionalframework(Chapter 2)Local framework:CommunityStrategy,DevelopmentPlan. LocalTransport Plan(Chapter 4)Other objectivesParking objectives(This chapter)Other objectivesLocal Parking policies(Chapter 6)Parking schemes(Chapter 6)Management mechanisms(Chapter 6)