viii PREFACE This volume is the second of a three-part treatment of the Juncaceae. The co-operative monographic study was completed in the period 1997 to 2000, under grant no. 206/97/0936 of the Czech National Grant Agency. Almost all the current experts in the taxonomy of the family kindly participated in the project, and their expertise covered both the centres of taxonomic diversity and the most intricate groups in the family. The monograph thus presents the cumulative knowledge of the Juncaceae at this time. Some groups received special attention and their accounts represent new revisions (e.g., Luzula sect. Atlanticae, sect. Alpinae, subg. Pterodes) or recent revisions were incorporated (e.g., <strong>Juncus</strong> sect. Caespitosi, in part, and <strong>Juncus</strong> sect. <strong>Juncus</strong>). The project benefited from an important coincidence: the Juncaceae have been included in recent volumes of important regional or continental floras, either published in 1999 or 2000, or prepared for publication; the authors of several regional accounts participated in our project (including those from Flora of North America, Flora of China, Flora of Australia and Flora Neotropica). Despite this, some groups or sections still require a thorough revision in future, and a number of questions remain unanswered, particularly in Luzula sect. Luzula in China and Japan, <strong>Juncus</strong> sect. Stygiopsis and <strong>Juncus</strong> sect. Juncotypus. While the text represents the combined work of many authors, the final version was prepared by JK, and he accepts responsibility for any errors or missing data. In addition to the authors and advisers, many other botanists participated in solving numerous problems with old literature, nomenclatural problems and geographical distribution. I would like to express my thanks for their generous help. Invaluable technical assistance was provided by Ms Věra Matějovičová. Dr R.K.Brummitt of Kew, the Secretary of the Flora of the World project, showed unfailing interest, and without his support the present volumes would never have come into being. Jan Kirschner Pruhonice July 2002
<strong>Juncus</strong> L., Sp. Pl. 1: 325 (1753) <strong>7.</strong> JUNCUS T: <strong>Juncus</strong> acutus L., fide N.L.Britton & S.Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2, 1: 465 (1913). Cephaloxys Desv., J. Bot. (Desvaux) 1: 321 (1809), nom. illeg. T: Cephaloxys flabellata Desv., nom. illeg.; <strong>Juncus</strong> repens Michx. Tenageia (Dumort.) Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 172 (1869); <strong>Juncus</strong> sect. Tenageia Dumort., Fl. Belg. 142 (1827). T: <strong>Juncus</strong> tenageia L.f. Tristemon Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 32 (1838), nom. illeg. T: not designated. Juncastrum Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 171 (1869), nom. inval. Juncinella Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 171 (1869), nom. inval. Phylloschoenus Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, sér. 2, 17: 172 (1869), nom. inval. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, caespitose to rhizomatous, seldom mat-forming, totally glabrous, smooth or papillose. Stem erect, procumbent or ascending, terete to compressed. The most basal leaves usually lacking blade or blade much reduced (cataphylls); fully developed leaves alternate, basal and/or cauline, flat (flat side facing stem), not septate, or flat with raised margins and enlarged cells on adaxial surface, or terete either solid or hollow and with or without septa, or laterally flattened (arranged perpendicular to stem) and imperfectly septate; sheaths open, rarely closed and later split, often with distinct auricles at the junction to blade. Bracts leaf-like or reduced. Inflorescence compound, often decompound, cymose or racemose, often anthelate, sometimes congested, or flowers borne singly in drepania with or without a pair of bracteoles below each flower. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual; usually trimerous, rarely dimerous. Tepals usually 6, entire, equal or unequal, persistent, green, stramineous, castaneous to blackish, smooth or scabrid, narrowly ovoid to linear lanceolate. Stamens (2–) 3–6, exserted or not so; filaments filiform or flattened; anthers linear to oblong; connective indistinct or slightly apiculate. Ovary sessile; style almost absent to very long; stigmas (2–) 3, filiform, twining, papillose, of variable length and colour. Capsule unilocular, triseptate or perfectly trilocular; seeds many, usually ellipsoid to ovoid; outer seed-coat tight and hyaline to loose, scarious, smooth to reticulate, forming one apical and one basal whitish appendages or not so; inner seed-coat brown, castaneous or yellowish, ±smooth to reticulate. x = 10 (many additional secondary basic numbers exist, ranging from x = 9 to x = 25 at least, the role of agmatoploidy being unknown). A genus of c. 315 species, almost cosmopolitan, much rarer in the tropics, with major centres of diversity in W North America, the Mediterranean, the Sino-Himalayan region, the Far East, South Africa and Australasia. Of rather marginal economic importance. F.G.P.Buchenau, Monographia Juncacearum, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 12: 1–495 (1890); F.G.P.Buchenau, Juncaceae, in H.G.A.Engler, Pflanzenr. (iv.36) Heft 25: 1–284 (1906); D.F.Cutler, Juncales, in C.R.Metcalfe, Anat. Monocotyl. 4: 1–358 (1969). S.Snogerup, Juncaceae, in K.H.Rechinger, Fl. Iranica 75: 1–35 (1971); L.J.Novara, Contribución al conocimiento de las inflorescencias de <strong>Juncus</strong> y su significación taxonomica, Kurtziana 9: 41–61 (1976); V.S.Novikov, Kratkiy obzor vidov roda <strong>Juncus</strong> L., rasprostranennych v Sredney Azii [A synopsis of the genus <strong>Juncus</strong> L. in Middle Asia], Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 15(1978): 77–93 (1979); C.Fernández-Carvajal, Revisión del género <strong>Juncus</strong> L. en la Península Ibérica 1–4, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 38: 79–89 (1981), 38: 417–467 (1981), 39: 79–151 (1982), 39: 301–379 (1982); B.J.Ertter, The <strong>Juncus</strong> triformis complex, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 39: 1–90 (1986); V.S.Novikov, Konspekt sistemy roda <strong>Juncus</strong> L. (Juncaceae), Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Odt. Biol. 95/5: 111–125 (1990); S.Snogerup, A revision of <strong>Juncus</strong> subgen. <strong>Juncus</strong> (Juncaceae), Willdenowia 23: 23–73 (1993); H.J.Noltie, Juncaceae, in H.J.Noltie, Fl. Bhutan 3/1: 246–273 (1994); J.Kirschner, L.J.Novara, V.S.Novikov, S.Snogerup & Z.Kaplan, Supraspecific division of the genus <strong>Juncus</strong> (Juncaceae), Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 34: 377–390 (1999); K.L.Wilson & L.A.S.Johnson, The genus <strong>Juncus</strong> (Juncaceae) in Malesia and allied septate-leaved species in adjoining regions, Telopea 9: 357–397 (2001). 1