Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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History of crimson clover in the USAG. R. SmithTexas AgriLife ResearchTexas A&M University SystemOverton, TX, 75684g-smith@tamu.eduAbstractCrimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) is widely planted in the US southern region as awinter pasture legume and is an important seed crop in Oregon. The history of use andimprovement of crimson clover in the US stretches back to the mid 1800‟s with several changesin management and breeding objectives. Crimson clover was first used in the US as a nonreseedingpasture legume and as a green manure crop. The development of reseeding strains andmore recently, improved cultivars with high hard seed levels was critical to modern crimsonclover breeding programs and lead to increased use of this annual clover in US agriculture.IntroductionCrimson clover is the most important annual clover to US agriculture, with primary use as awinter annual forage legume overseeded on warm-season perennial grass pastures in thesoutheast US. Crimson clover is an important component of forage production systems fromVirginia to east Texas and the beautiful crimson flowers enhance the landscapes of both pasturesand roadsides in this region. Crimson clover USA seed production (all in Oregon) averaged 1769Mt/year for 2006 through 2008 (Young, 2010) with a conservative estimated seed sales value of$4.0 million per year. Crimson clover is native to southern Europe and has been grown in theUSA for more than 150 years but with increasing use in the last 60 years (Piper, 1935). Asintroduced from Europe, this forage legume did not have high hard seed levels and was notreliable in producing volunteer (reseeding) stands in the humid subtropical climate of the easternand southeast USA (Hollowell, 1947).Early useDuggar (1898) noted the potential of crimson clover as a green manure crop for use in cottoncropping systems in Alabama. Interest in the use of crimson clover as a grazing crop in thesoutheast increased in the 1940‟s as reseeding strains became available (Donnelly and Cope,1961). Crimson clover was grown as a seed crop and as a combination grazing and seed crop inthe southeast US for 40 years beginning in the 1930‟s. Crimson clover seed yields in Alabamaranged from110 to 900 kg ha -1 , depending on soil type, plant nutrition and insecticide treatments(Donnelly and Cope, 1961). Insecticides were necessary to control clover head weevil (Hyperameles F.).125
Crimson clover seed production in the southeast US declined rapidly in the 1960‟s and early1970‟s (personal communication, Dr. Jim Bostick, Alabama Crop Improvement Association).Some possible reasons for this decline are: loss of seed harvest and processing infrastructure;shift from clover and grass pastures to nitrogen fertilized grass pastures; inconsistent seed yieldsbecause of unpredictable rainfall during seed harvest; and clover head weevil damage to thecrimson clover seed crop.Crimson clover in TexasThe exact beginning of crimson clover use in Texas is difficult to discern but for Rusk County,Texas the first crimson clover planting is well documented. Reseeding crimson clover wasintroduced to east Texas in 1949 from Alabama (Anon., 1951) and interest in this new cloverincreased rapidly as results from the first plantings were noted. The attributes that made crimsonclover a success at this time in Texas were: three months of late winter and spring grazing;reseeding stands; and cash income from seed crops. Texas Governor Allan Shivers proclaimedthe week of April 30, 1951 as Crimson Clover Week. Dr. Bruce McMillan, a prominent RuskCounty agricultural leader, was instrumental in the introduction of this new clover fromAlabama.Crimson clover improvement“Dixie” crimson clover was developed in Georgia in the early 1950‟s in response to the need fora cultivar with improved reseeding traits that could also be produced as certified seed. Dixie is acomposite of three crimson clover farm strains that exhibited excellent field reseeding, highforage yields and high hard seed test results in laboratory evaluations (Hollowell, 1953). Asrecent as 1959, common crimson clover had less than 5% hard seed at harvest (Bennett, 1959),but improvement in the hard seed level through recurrent selection could be demonstrated.“Chief” crimson clover was developed in Mississippi (Hollowell, 1960) through nine cycles ofrecurrent selection for hard seed with the final generation stabilized at 65% hard seed (asmeasured at harvest with hand-cleaned seed).The hard seed trait in Dixie crimson clover was shown to be very stable over years andenvironments in a nine year study conducted in Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia in the 1950‟s(Knight et al., 1963). The hard seed level of Dixie was consistently 60 to 80% at harvest withlittle effect from seed production location or year. In a three year experiment in Texas beginningin 1994, Dixie crimson clover averaged 33% hard seed at harvest (Evers and Smith, 2006) butdid produce acceptable reseeding stands (>100 seedlings m -2 ) in each year if grazing wasterminated by mid-April. This indicates a reduction in hard seed level for this cultivar (reducedfrom levels reported in 1963) and may explain the variability in crimson clover reseeding inyears with sporadic fall rains.Both “Flame” and “AU Robin” are crimson clover cultivars selected for early maturity out ofDixie (Baltensperger, et al., 1989; van Santen, et al., 1992). Parental lines of AU Robin were126
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Proceedings of the 7th Internationa
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Table of ContentsORAL PRESENTATIONS
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Seed yield components and yield per
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International Herbage Seed Conferen
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16:15 - 16:30 Reliability of salini
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Hotel expense is covered for night
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40,000 were slaves (McDonald, 2007)
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Fig. 1. Texas AgriLife Research and
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$7 billion for cattle, $3 billion f
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principle and encourages both AgriL
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eceived by growers, the above perce
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seed conditioning plants are locate
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Table 4.Hectares of open-field burn
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system, a seed crop is produced fro
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Fig. 1. Land resource areas of Texa
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y land owners. Seed yields are low
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The influence of planting density o
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Simple correlation and regression a
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Variation in seed shattering in a g
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Seed retention (SR) was calculated
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mm160120Precipitation8040020Km h -1
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Young, B. A. (1986). A Source of Re
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Several methods are commonly used f
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Table 3. Effect of the length of ha
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Alfalfa seed production in semi-hum
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Rather near the meteorological stat
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ReferencesBolaños-Aguilar E.D., Hu
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ased bioenergy conversion plants wa
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Table 1. Average distances required
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Figure 1. Optimized locations for 1
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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne
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Relative Seed Yieldsingle composite
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Flowers, M.D.; Hart, J.M.; Young II
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Thus, similar to tissue tests, remo
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Conclusion:Perhaps our most importa
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Modelling critical NDVI curves in p
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The five spectral reflectance measu
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Harvest loss in ryegrass seed crops
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Larger than expected harvest losses
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Rolston, P.; Trethewey, J.; McCloy,
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Optical sensors have the potential
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Figure 2. Seed yield response to ap
Page 85 and 86: Flowers, M. D., Hart, J.M., Young I
Page 87 and 88: In 2010, France has launched the fo
Page 89 and 90: Yield (% maximum)ConclusionThe resu
Page 91 and 92: Plant N uptakeN unavailableSoil nit
Page 93 and 94: Stresses associated with germinatio
Page 95 and 96: correspond to electrical conductivi
Page 97 and 98: applied later in the fall was more
Page 99 and 100: Figure 2. Establishment of five ove
Page 101 and 102: The seed vigour testing was perform
Page 103 and 104: Table 1. Germination index (GI) for
Page 105 and 106: Reliability of salinity screening L
Page 107 and 108: AcknowledgmentThis research was sup
Page 109 and 110: Table 2. Greenhouse salinity screen
Page 111 and 112: The seeds were collected from the A
Page 113 and 114: increases germination to its potent
Page 115 and 116: Light, lodging and flag leaves-what
Page 117 and 118: Relative seed yieldSeed yield (kg/h
Page 119 and 120: Hampton, J.G.; Clemence, T.G.A.; He
Page 121 and 122: The seed set is of major importance
Page 123 and 124: In grass species with poor seed ret
Page 125 and 126: support system to optimize fungicid
Page 127 and 128: weather stations in grass seed fiel
Page 129 and 130: ust resistance loci in Lolium peren
Page 131 and 132: Seed yield variation in a red clove
Page 133 and 134: 100Seed yield plant -1 (g)806040200
Page 135: Marden, J. H. 1984. Remote percepti
Page 139 and 140: Piper, C.V. 1935. Forage plants and
Page 141 and 142: deal of investigation into the caus
Page 143 and 144: genes and subsequent ability to pro
Page 145 and 146: Gatenby, W.A., S.C. Munday-Finch, A
Page 147 and 148: Control of Vulpia myuros in red fes
Page 149 and 150: The strip design provides an opport
Page 151 and 152: The pot experiments did not reveale
Page 153 and 154: CharacterWeed abundance1 A few plan
Page 155 and 156: Jensen, P. K. (2010) Longevity of s
Page 157 and 158: Effects of intraspecific competitio
Page 159 and 160: flowering, Gangi accumulated a high
Page 161 and 162: The seed yield of Gangi was, on ave
Page 163 and 164: Seed yield components and yield per
Page 165 and 166: ResultsVariation among populations
Page 167 and 168: Table 2. Means of total seeds per p
Page 169 and 170: Ryle, G. J. (1970). Partition of As
Page 171 and 172: Control of Apion trifolii in red cl
Page 173 and 174: Number of seeds /inflorescencesimil
Page 175 and 176: population. However, in spite of th
Page 177 and 178: Corvallis where they were debearded
Page 179 and 180: Table 1. Effect of Palisade growth
Page 181 and 182: Variations on potential and harvest
Page 183 and 184: Determination of optimum desiccatio
Page 185 and 186: Relative seed yield (%)Flowers/m225
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Harvesting too soon after peak flow
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Annual ryegrass seed production in
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seed yield, kg/haExtractable Al, mg
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ReferencesHaby, V.A. (1995). Soil m
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Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L
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urn residue management (Fig. 1 and
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Comparing herbicide selectivity in
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Development of new tetraploid Chlor
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Following 4 (or 5) cycles of select
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Loch, D.S., Rethman, N.F.G. & van N
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KBGcocksfootHykorLofatimothymeadowf
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Figure 2 Relative seed yield (%) se
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and GA 4 . In consequence this inac
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Table 1 The effect of trinexapac-et
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Silberstein, T.B., Young, W.C. III,
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inflorescece number and seed yield
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Germination of Lolium multiflorum g
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Effect of sowing density on seed yi
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y-products of this grass seed crop
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Table 2. Effect of PGR on seed yiel
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Further culm length measurements ga
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chlorophyllometer. Measurements wer
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Table 2. Photosynthesis rate of fla
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Organization of grass seed research
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Path Coefficient and Ridge Regressi
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through y4 (0.133). Increasing y 1
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Newell G.J., Lee B. (1981)Ridge reg
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Relative humidity, seed moisture co
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Ergovaline contents in grasses from
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11.8 % (Central East) to 40.0% (Nor
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ReferencesBony, S. & Delatour, P. (
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Long-term Evaluation of Annual Ryeg
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seed yield. All systems of establis
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Preliminary results after four year
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Casals, Marie-LaureFNAMSImpasse du
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Mao, PeishengForage Seed LabChina A
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Vanasche, DavidVanasche Farm36130 N
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Texas, USA 2010 - International Herbage Seed Group

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