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FIGURE 3FIGURE 4FIGURE 5before the launching of CBERS-2, a newagreement was signed for the continuity ofthe CBERS mission, which included twonew remote sensing satellites, with newcharacteristics and payloads. However, asCBERS-3 would be launched only arounda 2010 time frame, after the de-commissioningof CBERS-2, both countries decidedto sign a third agreement in 2004, forthe development of CBERS2B, very similarto CBERS-1 and -2, using as much as possibleengineering parts from the first twosatellites. CBERS-2B was successfullylaunched in a very short time, in September2007.The cooperation between Brazil andChina for development of remote sensingsatellites has been so successful and usefulfor both countries that a new CBERSfamily is under way, with CBERS-5 and-6. The continuity of the CBERS Programis viewed as strategic for the environmentalmonitoring of both countries.The orbit of CBERS satellites is asun-synchronous, quasi-polar, 26 daysphased and circular orbit, at 744-kmaltitude, and 10:30 Equator crossingtime. The main payload of the first threeCBERS satellites is a CCD camera with20-m GIFOV (ground instantaneousfield of view), five bands (blue, green,red, NIR, pan), 8 bits, 113-km swath,and ±32° across-track viewing capability.The second important payload presentin these three satellites is a Wide FieldImager (WFI), with two bands (red andNIR), 260-m GIFOV at nadir, 890-kmswath. As part of CBERS-1 and -2,there was an Infrared Scanner (IRMS)with four bands (pan, TIR, and two inSWIR), 80-m (160-m TIR) spatial resolution,120-km swath. For CBERS-2B, thisscanner was replaced with a High ResolutionCamera (panchromatic, 2.7-mspatial resolution, 27-km swath). depicts an HRC image. CBERS-2 is stilloperational, but only the CCD camera isworking; CBERS-2B is fully operational.All CBERS satellites have onboard recordingcapability. shows a fieldcampaign to calibrate CCD/CBERS-2.The CBERS second generationis composed of two new satellites:CBERS-3 and -4. The orbital characteristicsare the same as for CBERS-1,-2 and -2B. The multi-payload is composedof a Multispectral Camera similarto the CCD from previous CBERS.A second camera is a Panchromatic-Multispectral Camera (10-m XS-ñ blue,green, red, NIR, 5-m Pan), with 60-kmswath and across-track viewing capability.The WFI was improved: four bands(blue, green, red, NIR), 70-m spatialresolution at nadir, 860-km swath. Thescanner was also improved: four bands(pan, two SWIR, one TIR), with 40-m(80-m TIR) spatial resolution. The onboardrecording capability is 15 minutesfor all instruments altogether.One of the main aspects of the CBERSProgram is the data policy adopted afterthe CBERS-2 launch. Brazil adopted thefree-of-charge CBERS data distributionpolicy when data are requested in electronicformat. Initially adopted for Brazilianusers, it was extended for neighboringcountries, and then to the world.Currently, all CBERS data gathered atCuiaba, the Brazilian ground station,is distributed free of charge to everyone(www.dgi.inpe.br/CDSR).Each year, more than 100,000 CCDscenes have been distributed inside thecountry to thousand of users and institutions.The processing system is veryfast and it takes only a few minutes forthe user to have his request for a fullresolutionscene fulfilled. This kind ofdata policy and easy distribution systempromoted a strong increase in thenumber of users and applications.Today, there is no organization relatedto agriculture, environment, geology,or hydrology in the country that is nota CBERS user. Hundreds of businessesin remote sensing were opened after theadoption of the current data policy. Theenvironmental control by the societywas also increased. shows theCCD/CBERS images requested in justone month. Almost all of Brazil andparts of other countries covered by theCuiaba ground receiving station haverequested data at least one time in thatparticular month.In general, governmental institutionshave difficulty in acquiring up-to-dateremote sensing data. This problem isworse in developing countries. For instance,the deforestation in the Amazonregion is a main environmental issue inBrazil. Actions from the governmentalenvironmental protection agency dependon monitoring, based on remote sensing18IMAGING NOTES // S UMMER 2008 // WWW.IMAGINGNOTES.COM
data. The fast and free access to CBERSdata allows the agency to use up-to-datesatellite data to map and measure deforestedareas. The map and figures ofdeforested areas in the Amazon regionon an annual basis used to be based onLandsat data, and now the map has thehelp of CCD/CBERS data (www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/index.html).Another important activity in Amazoniais the project called DETER (Detectionof Deforestation in Near RealTime; www.obt.inpe.br/deter/metodologia.pdf),which is aimed at detectingearly signs of deforestation and atalerting the environmental agency intime to take action. This is a permanentmonitoring system based on MODISand WFI/CBERS data.Brazilian legislation requires thateach farmer identify and notify the environmentalagency about areas to beprotected on each farm. This procedureis called environmental licensing andhas been adopted in many states aroundthe country. Currently, most of thisprocedure is done based on CBERS imagesand has opened hundreds of smallbusinesses specializing in this kind ofservice. As CCD/CBERS has stereoviewingcapability, its data can be usedfor feature extraction .An interesting application of CBERSimages is in tax enforcement .Some states use CBERS to help them tomonitor farms to assure that all declarationsmade by farmers are in accordancewith the tax law. More examplesof applications of CBERS data in Brazilcan be found at www.dsr.inpe.br/seminariocbers/.As part of the objective of makingthe CBERS Program as useful as possibleto mankind, Brazil and China decidedto launch the project CBERS forAfrica, which will distribute CBERSimages for African countries to helpthem control deforestation and protectthe environment. This project is partof the contribution of both countriesto the GEO (Group on Earth Observation).At least two ground receivingstations in Africa will be able to havedirect downlink of CBERS remote sensingdata beginning later this year.The CBERS Program, developedunder a Chinese and Brazilian cooperation,is an important and very usefuldata provider to both countries and theirneighbors – and now to Africa. The datapolicy that assures free access to CBERSimages brought new remote sensing users,applications and business. Applicationsrelated to environmental protectionwere improved with CBERS dataavailability and free access.EDITOR’S NOTEIMAGING NOTES // S UMMER 2008 // WWW.IMAGINGNOTES.COM19
Page 3: PUBLISHER’S LETTERBy Myrna James
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