Chapter 21 Resource: Ecology

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Name Date Class1EnrichmentUrban EcosystemsWhen you hear the term ecosystem, you maypicture wetlands, forests, or prairies. But youdon’t need to travel to the wilderness toobserve interesting ecosystems. If you lookclosely, you’ll notice ecosystems everywhere—even in major cities.Biotic and Abiotic Factors in Urban EcosystemsAny ecosystem contains biotic and abioticfactors. However, urban ecosystems containsome unusual abiotic elements includingbridges, skyscrapers, streets, alleys, andgarbage cans. Urban ecosystems also containlarge numbers of people.Of course, there is more to urban ecosystemsthan humans and the structures theybuild. The roots of trees push sidewalks apart.Other plants grow in parks, along road strips,or on window ledges. Urban populations ofmany animal species are large. The naturalpredators of a particular species are not presentin the city, and garbage cans providethem with an abundant source of food.Animals That Have Moved into the CitiesIn recent years, two very interesting animalshave found niches in city ecosystems—coyotesand falcons. Coyotes have been living in largecities for many years. In an urban environment,coyotes often prey upon rodents andrabbits. They also raid gardens and garbagecans. Coyotes rarely harm people—in fact,they tend to avoid their human neighbors.Peregrine falcons also have found their wayto cities. In the early 1970s, peregrine falconswere almost extinct. Not only were the cliffdwellingbirds being affected by a pesticide,but also their natural homes were beingdestroyed. Captive breeding helped increasethe falcon population. Then, an interestingthing happened. The birds began making theirhomes in “concrete cliffs” or skyscrapers, incities. Later, birds were hatched by these urbanparents. Now, many city people can see peregrinefalcons soaring overhead.1. How do humans affect others in urban ecosystems?2. Many natural predators, such as the great horned owl (predator of the peregrine falcon), arenot part of urban ecosystems. How do you think this affects peregrine falcons?3. Think about your city or town. What wild animals have made a home in your environment,and why are they successful?Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.26 <strong>Ecology</strong>
Name Date Class2EnrichmentFrogs in TroubleCopyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Directions: Read the following information. Then answer the questions.Frogs have lived on Earth for millions ofyears. About 40 years ago, scientists startednoticing that frog populations were gettingsmaller. In addition, people started findingfrogs with extra legs and other deformities.These problems are now found all over theworld, from Australia to rain forests in SouthAmerica, and throughout the United States.What Is Harming Frogs?The main problem affecting frogs is loss ofhabitat or environment. When people cutdown forests, drain wetlands, dam rivers, ordo other things that affect where frogs live,they harm frogs. The frogs have to find newhomes or they will die. When this happens,the number of frogs living in an areadecreases.A number of factors also harm frogs,including disease, pollution, climate change,and ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Takentogether, these problems can harm many1. If scientists suspect that something in pond water is killing frogs, why is it important to carryout lab experiments to test this hypothesis?2. How can frogs with deformities lead to smaller frog populations?3. What are ways that students can help the frog population in their area?frogs. For example, chemicals from farmspollute ponds and can affect frogs and causedeformed growth. In addition, fertilizersprovide food for parasitic worms in ponds.More food helps more roundworms live in apond. These roundworms can infect the backlegs of tadpoles and cause the legs to formimproperly. These frogs are easier for birds tocatch and eat. The birds then spread theroundworms to other ponds, where they infectnew tadpoles.Why Is Frog Health Important?Frogs share the same water, air, and soil thathumans and other living things on Earth do.The problems that harm frogs also affect otherliving things. In this way, frogs serve as anearly warning system for humans about thecondition of the environment. Other livingthings in the same environment might soonface the same diseases that frogs face today.Meeting Individual Needs<strong>Ecology</strong> 27
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Chapter 21 Resource: Ecology

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