Handbook of Electrical Engineering For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

References 308Further Reading 30912 Protective Relay Coordination 31112.1 Introduction to Overcurrent Coordination 31112.1.1 Relay notation 31312.2 Generator Protection 31312.2.1 Main generators 31312.2.2 Overcurrent 31412.2.3 Differential stator current relay 31812.2.4 Field failure relay 31912.2.5 Reverse active power relay 32112.2.6 Negative phase sequence relay 32212.2.7 Stator earth fault relays 32212.2.8 Over terminal voltage 32412.2.9 Under terminal voltage 32412.2.10 Under- and overfrequency 32512.3 Emergency Diesel Generators 32512.4 Feeder Transformer Protection 32612.4.1 Overcurrent 32912.4.2 High-set or instantaneous current 33012.4.3 Characteristics of the upstream source 33212.5 Feeder Cable Protection 33212.5.1 Overcurrent protection 33212.5.2 Short-circuit protection 33312.5.3 Earth fault protection 33312.6 Busbar Protection in Switchboards 33412.6.1 Busbar zone protection 33412.6.2 Overcurrent protection 33512.6.3 Undervoltage protection 33512.7 High Voltage Induction Motor Protection 33612.7.1 Overloading or thermal image 33712.7.2 Instantaneous or high-set overcurrent 33912.7.3 Negative phase sequence 33912.7.4 Core balance earth fault 34012.7.5 Differential stator current 34012.7.6 Stalling current 34012.7.7 Limitation to the number of successive starts 34112.7.8 Undercurrent 34112.7.9 High winding temperature 34212.7.10 High bearing temperature 34212.7.11 Excessive vibration 34212.8 Low Voltage Induction Motor Protection 34212.8.1 Overloading or thermal image 34312.8.2 Instantaneous or high-set overcurrent 344xiii
xiv12.8.3 Negative phase sequence 34412.8.4 Core balance earth fault 34512.8.5 Stalling current 34512.8.6 Limitation to the number of successive starts 34512.9 Low Voltage Static Load Protection 34512.9.1 Time-delayed overcurrent 34612.9.2 Instantaneous or high-set overcurrent 34612.9.3 Core balance earth fault 34612.10 Mathematical Equations for Representing Standard, Very and ExtremelyInverse Relays 346References 34913 Earthing and Screening 35113.1 Purpose of Earthing 35113.1.1 Electric shock 35113.1.2 Damage to equipment 35313.1.3 Zero reference potential 35313.2 Site Locations 35313.2.1 Steel structures 35413.2.2 Land-based plants 35413.2.3 Concrete and brick-built structures 35613.3 Design of Earthing Systems 35613.3.1 High voltage systems 35613.3.2 Low voltage three-phase systems 35713.3.3 IEC types of earthing systems 36013.3.4 Earth loop impedance 36513.3.5 Earthing rods and grids 36713.4 Construction Details Relating to Earthing 37113.4.1 Frames, casings and cubicle steelwork 37113.4.2 Screwed and clearance hole entries 37113.4.3 Earthing only one end of a cable 37213.5 Screening and Earthing of Cables used in Electronic Circuits 37313.5.1 Capacitance and inductance mechanisms 37313.5.2 Screening against external interference 37413.5.3 Earthing of screens 37913.5.4 Screening of high frequencies 38013.5.5 Power earths, cubicle and clean earths 381References 38314 Variable Speed Electrical Drivers 38514.1 Introduction 38514.1.1 Environment 38614.1.2 Power supply 38614.1.3 Economics 38714.2 Group 1 Methods 38814.2.1 Simple variable voltage supplies 38814.2.2 Pole-changing of the stator winding 389
Page 1: Handbook ofElectrical EngineeringFo
Page 4 and 5: ContentsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgem
Page 6 and 7: 4 Automatic Voltage Regulation 834.
Page 8 and 9: 9 Cables, Wires and Cable Installat
Page 12 and 13: xv14.2.3 Pole amplitude modulated m
Page 14 and 15: 20 Summary of the Generalised Theor
Page 16 and 17: ForewordThe oil, gas and petrochemi
Page 18 and 19: xxiiThe appendices contain comprehe
Page 20 and 21: About the AuthorThe author began hi
Page 22 and 23: 2 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIN
Page 30 and 31: 10 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERI
Page 60 and 61:
40 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERI
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
3Synchronous Generators and Motors3
Page 82 and 83:
3.2.2 Transient State Armature Reac
Page 84 and 85:
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS AND MOTORS 6
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Table 3.1.generatorsGeneratorrating
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
5Induction Motors5.1 PRINCIPLE OF O
Page 118 and 119:
INDUCTION MOTORS 101Figure 5.1Commo
Page 120 and 121:
INDUCTION MOTORS 103Figure 5.310 MW
Page 122 and 123:
INDUCTION MOTORS 105Figure 5.4 Torq
Page 124 and 125:
INDUCTION MOTORS 107slip. This is s
Page 126 and 127:
INDUCTION MOTORS 109Figure 5.6 Sens
Page 128 and 129:
INDUCTION MOTORS 111The shunt compo
Page 130 and 131:
INDUCTION MOTORS 113The shunt compo
Page 132 and 133:
Table 5.2.motorsRated power(kW)INDU
Page 134 and 135:
Table 5.7.Rated power(kW)INDUCTION
Page 136 and 137:
INDUCTION MOTORS 119R 22N , X 22N ,
Page 138 and 139:
INDUCTION MOTORS 121500 to 516 give
Page 140 and 141:
Table 5.12. Limits to motor ratings
Page 142 and 143:
INDUCTION MOTORS 125• The use of
Page 144 and 145:
INDUCTION MOTORS 127Figure 5.7Circu
Page 146 and 147:
INDUCTION MOTORS 1295.10.5 Part Win
Page 148 and 149:
132 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
9Cables, Wires and CableInstallatio
Page 200 and 201:
CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE INSTALLATIO
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Table 9.8.Conductors Insulation Scr
Page 210 and 211:
Table 9.10.ActualCSA (mm 2 )CABLES,
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Table 9.12.CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
EF = IX sin ØDF = IX cos ØCABLES,
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
Page 234 and 235:
Page 236 and 237:
9.4.3.3.1 Worked exampleCABLES, WIR
Page 238 and 239:
Table 9.25.CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
The equivalent full-load impedance
Page 244 and 245:
Table 9.27.Cable current(kA)CABLES,
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Again let the cut-off current be 20
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Full-load current I txfl of the tra
Page 254 and 255:
From (9.3) for ‘starting’ condi
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
11Fault Calculations and Stability
Page 284 and 285:
FAULT CALCULATIONS AND STABILITY ST
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Table 11.5.FAULT CALCULATIONS AND S
Page 314 and 315:
Page 316 and 317:
11.11.1.2 Steady state stability of
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
Page 358 and 359:
Page 360 and 361:
Page 362 and 363:
13Earthing and Screening13.1 PURPOS
Page 364 and 365:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 353is usuall
Page 366 and 367:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 35513.2.2.1
Page 368 and 369:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 357Figure 13
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
Page 374 and 375:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 363construct
Page 376 and 377:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 365that have
Page 378 and 379:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 367moulded c
Page 380 and 381:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 369Annex A o
Page 382 and 383:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 37113.4 CONS
Page 384 and 385:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 373with a ve
Page 386 and 387:
Page 388 and 389:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 377Find I c
Page 390 and 391:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 379If the ca
Page 392 and 393:
Page 394 and 395:
EARTHING AND SCREENING 383REFERENCE
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 410 and 411:
Page 412 and 413:
Page 414 and 415:
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 444 and 445:
Page 446 and 447:
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 464 and 465:
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 482 and 483:
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
20Summary of the Generalised Theory
Page 490 and 491:
GENERALISED THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MA
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
f) The rotor equations involving th
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Page 520 and 521:
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Page 550 and 551:
Page 552 and 553:
Appendix EList of Document Types to
Page 554 and 555:
LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
Page 556 and 557:
LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
Page 558 and 559:
Appendix FWorked Example for Calcul
Page 560 and 561:
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE
Page 562 and 563:
Step 12.WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULAT
Page 564 and 565:
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE
Page 566 and 567:
Page 568 and 569:
Page 570 and 571:
Page 572 and 573:
Page 574 and 575:
Page 576 and 577:
Page 578 and 579:
Page 580 and 581:
Page 582 and 583:
Page 584 and 585:
Page 586 and 587:
Page 588 and 589:
Page 590 and 591:
Page 592 and 593:
Page 594 and 595:
Page 596 and 597:
Page 598 and 599:
Page 600 and 601:
Page 602 and 603:
Page 604 and 605:
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
Page 610 and 611:
Page 612 and 613:
Page 614 and 615:
608 INDEXCables (Continued)Derating
Page 616 and 617:
610 INDEXDirty engine, gas turbine
Page 618 and 619:
612 INDEXFault making capacity 151F
Page 620 and 621:
614 INDEXInductionRotational type o
Page 622 and 623:
616 INDEXMotors (Continued)DC shunt
Page 624 and 625:
618 INDEXProtection schemes and sys
Page 626 and 627:
620 INDEXShaft torque and shaft pow
Page 628 and 629:
622 INDEXTacho-generator for feedba
Page 630:
624 INDEXVoltage (Continued)Standar
show all

Handbook of Electrical Engineering For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?