Handbook of Electrical Engineering For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas ...

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172 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGThe fault making current I fd is:-I fd = V pZ fd=440.01.732(0.049 + j 0.00468) = 5161A rmsLocate the point T for 5161 A on the prospective curve in Figure 7.9.q) Plot the results.The results are plotted in Figure 7.9.7.7.7 Cost and EconomicsA proper cost and economic analysis can only be made after all the invited manufacturers have fullycomplied with the details of the enquiry specification. The engineer must satisfy himself that thisrequirement has been properly met, otherwise a low bid price may indicate non-compliance or poorunderstanding of the enquiry specification. Apart from the important technical requirements there areoften other engineering considerations that should be taken into account, e.g. vendor documentation,spare parts, delivery schedule, obsolescence, testing and inspection. Some of these aspects have adefinite cost impact whereas some are somewhat intangible, e.g. history of performance, deliveryschedule, obsolescence.REFERENCES1. Guide to forms of separation. The Electrical Installation Equipment Manufacturer’s Association. (June 1996)2. Dan Varnam, Forms of separation guide. Electrical Times Special Supplement. Published in conjunction withthe Square D Company. Document No. FF497, printed in colour.3. S. S. Kalsi, D. D. Stephen and B. Adkins, Calculation of system-fault currents due to induction motors. ProcIEE, Paper No. 6320P, Vol. 118, No.1, Sept 1971.4. A. R. Kelly, Allowing for decrement and fault voltage in industrial relaying. IEEE Transactions on Industrialand General Application. Pages 130 to 139, March/April 1965.5. Electrical transmission and distribution reference book. Central station engineers, of the Westinghouse ElectricCorporation. East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Eighth printing. (1964) Library of Congress Card No.86–081053 ISBN 0 471-85393-36. Bernard Adkins, The generalized theory of electrical machines. Chapman & Hall Ltd. (Fourth printing 1964).7. Integrated motor control system: Recommended technical specification. Rev B-November 1998. Switchgear& Instrumentation Ltd. Ripley Road, Bradford, BD4 7EH, UK.8. High voltage power fuses. Document No. AD 36–661, pages 1 to 8, May 1968. Westinghouse ElectricCorporation, Switchgear Division. East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
8Fuses8.1 GENERAL COMMENTSFuses are used when it is possible to use a simple and economic method of protection againstovercurrents and faults. They are fast to act when a major fault occurs and are very reliable.The characteristics of fuses vary widely depending upon the application for example:-• Distribution feeders to transformers.• Induction motors.• AC and DC services.• Rectifier and thyristor circuits.• Static load service, such as heaters.• High voltage and low voltage services.The terminology and standards vary considerably between countries. Typical international standardcodes are:-• Europe. IEC60282 and 60644 for high voltage fusesIEC60269 for low voltage fuses.• USA. UL 248-1/CSA-C22.2 (15 parts)Reference 1 gives a description of the standards used in the USA as well as a theoreticaltreatment of the subject.Reference 2 gives a comprehensive description of most aspects of fuses including mathematicalmodels together with comments on European and US practice. It also contains a full listing of themost useful IEC standards in its Chapter 8. See also Reference 3 article 110, sub-section 10, forapplications where the rated voltages are up to 600 volts.The melting process of a fuse is a complicated subject. However, for the practising electricalengineer in the design and application side of the industry it is usually only necessary to be familiarwith some of the basic characteristics of fuses. Fuse manufacturers are able to vary the shape andsteepness of the characteristics by carefully designing the shape of the fuse element, by surroundingthe element with different heat removing media and by selecting different fusable metals and alloys.The main parameters concerning an application are,Handbook of Electrical Engineering: For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry.© 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-471-49631-6Alan L. Sheldrake
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Handbook ofElectrical EngineeringFo
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ContentsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgem
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4 Automatic Voltage Regulation 834.
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9 Cables, Wires and Cable Installat
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References 308Further Reading 30912
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xv14.2.3 Pole amplitude modulated m
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20 Summary of the Generalised Theor
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ForewordThe oil, gas and petrochemi
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xxiiThe appendices contain comprehe
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About the AuthorThe author began hi
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3Synchronous Generators and Motors3
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3.2.2 Transient State Armature Reac
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SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS AND MOTORS 6
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Table 3.1.generatorsGeneratorrating
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5Induction Motors5.1 PRINCIPLE OF O
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INDUCTION MOTORS 101Figure 5.1Commo
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INDUCTION MOTORS 103Figure 5.310 MW
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INDUCTION MOTORS 105Figure 5.4 Torq
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INDUCTION MOTORS 107slip. This is s
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INDUCTION MOTORS 109Figure 5.6 Sens
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INDUCTION MOTORS 111The shunt compo
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INDUCTION MOTORS 113The shunt compo
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Table 5.2.motorsRated power(kW)INDU
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Table 5.7.Rated power(kW)INDUCTION
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INDUCTION MOTORS 119R 22N , X 22N ,
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Table 9.25.CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE
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CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE INSTALLATIO
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The equivalent full-load impedance
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Table 9.27.Cable current(kA)CABLES,
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Again let the cut-off current be 20
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Full-load current I txfl of the tra
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250 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
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11Fault Calculations and Stability
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FAULT CALCULATIONS AND STABILITY ST
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Table 11.5.FAULT CALCULATIONS AND S
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13Earthing and Screening13.1 PURPOS
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 353is usuall
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 35513.2.2.1
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 357Figure 13
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 363construct
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 365that have
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 367moulded c
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 369Annex A o
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 37113.4 CONS
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 373with a ve
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 377Find I c
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 379If the ca
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 383REFERENCE
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20Summary of the Generalised Theory
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GENERALISED THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MA
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Appendix EList of Document Types to
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LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
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LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
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Appendix FWorked Example for Calcul
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WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE
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Step 12.WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULAT
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608 INDEXCables (Continued)Derating
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610 INDEXDirty engine, gas turbine
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612 INDEXFault making capacity 151F
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614 INDEXInductionRotational type o
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616 INDEXMotors (Continued)DC shunt
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618 INDEXProtection schemes and sys
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620 INDEXShaft torque and shaft pow
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622 INDEXTacho-generator for feedba
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624 INDEXVoltage (Continued)Standar
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