Handbook of Electrical Engineering For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas ...

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9 Cables, Wires and Cable Installation Practices 1839.1 Electrically Conducting Materials used in the Construction of Cables 1839.1.1 Copper and aluminium 1849.1.2 Tin 1849.1.3 Phosphor bronze 1859.1.4 Galvanised steel 1859.1.5 Lead 1869.2 Electrically Non-Conducting Materials used in the Construction ofCables 1879.2.1 Definition of basic terminology 1879.3 Composition of Power and Control Cables 1919.3.1 Compositional notation 1929.3.2 Conductor 1929.3.3 Conductor semiconducting screen 1969.3.4 Insulation 1969.3.5 Insulation semiconductor screen 1979.3.6 Inner sheath 1979.3.7 Lead sheathing 1979.3.8 Armouring 1989.3.9 Outer sheath 1989.4 Current Ratings of Power Cables 1989.4.1 Continuous load current 1989.4.2 Continuous rated current of a cable 1999.4.3 Volt-drop within a cable 2099.4.4 Protection against overloading current 2429.5 Cables with Enhanced Performance 2449.5.1 Fire retardance 2449.5.2 Fire resistance 2459.5.3 Emission of toxic gases and smoke 2459.5.4 Application of fire retardant and fire resistant cables 246Reference 247xi10 Hazardous Area Classification and the Selection of Equipment 24910.1 Historical Developments 24910.2 Present Situation 24910.3 Elements of Hazardous Area Classification 25110.3.1 Mixtures of gases, vapours and air 25110.4 Hazardous Area Zones 25310.4.1 Non-hazardous area 25310.4.2 Zone 2 hazardous area 25310.4.3 Zone 1 hazardous area 25310.4.4 Zone 0 hazardous area 25410.4.5 Adjacent hazardous zones 254
xii10.5 Types of Protection for Hazardous Areas 25410.5.1 Type of protection ‘d’ 25510.5.2 Type of protection ‘e’ 25610.5.3 Type of protection ‘i’ 25610.5.4 Type of protection ‘m’ 25710.5.5 Type of protection ‘n’ and ‘n’ 25710.5.6 Type of protection ‘o’ 25810.5.7 Type of protection ‘p’ 25810.5.8 Type of protection ‘q’ 25910.5.9 Type of protection ‘s’ 25910.5.10 Type of protection ‘de’ 25910.6 Types of Protection for Ingress of Water and Solid Particles 26010.6.1 European practice 26010.6.2 American practice 26110.7 Certification of Hazardous Area Equipment 26510.8 Marking of Equipment Nameplates 266References 266Further Reading 26611 Fault Calculations and Stability Studies 26911.1 Introduction 26911.2 Constant Voltage Source – High Voltage 26911.3 Constant Voltage Source – Low Voltage 27111.4 Non-Constant Voltage Sources – All Voltage Levels 27311.5 Calculation of Fault Current due to Faults at the Terminals of a Generator 27411.5.1 Pre-fault or initial conditions 27411.5.2 Calculation of fault current – rms symmetrical values 27611.6 Calculate the Sub-Transient symmetrical RMS Fault Current Contributions 27911.6.1 Calculate the sub-transient peak fault current contributions 28111.7 Application of the Doubling Factor to Fault Current Ifrms ′′ found in 11.6 28711.7.1 Worked example 28811.7.2 Breaking duty current 29111.8 Computer Programs for Calculating Fault Currents 29211.8.1 Calculation of fault current – rms and peak asymmetrical values 29211.8.2 Simplest case 29311.8.3 The circuit x-to-r ratio is known 29311.8.4 Detailed generator data is available 29311.8.5 Motor contribution to fault currents 29311.9 The use of Reactors 29411.9.1 Worked example 29711.10 Some Comments on the Application of IEC60363 and IEC60909 30011.11 Stability Studies 30011.11.1 Steady state stability 30111.11.2 Transient stability 303
Page 1: Handbook ofElectrical EngineeringFo
Page 4 and 5: ContentsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgem
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Page 10 and 11: References 308Further Reading 30912
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Page 16 and 17: ForewordThe oil, gas and petrochemi
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Page 20 and 21: About the AuthorThe author began hi
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3Synchronous Generators and Motors3
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3.2.2 Transient State Armature Reac
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SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS AND MOTORS 6
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Table 3.1.generatorsGeneratorrating
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5Induction Motors5.1 PRINCIPLE OF O
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INDUCTION MOTORS 101Figure 5.1Commo
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INDUCTION MOTORS 103Figure 5.310 MW
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INDUCTION MOTORS 105Figure 5.4 Torq
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INDUCTION MOTORS 107slip. This is s
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INDUCTION MOTORS 109Figure 5.6 Sens
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INDUCTION MOTORS 111The shunt compo
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INDUCTION MOTORS 113The shunt compo
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Table 5.2.motorsRated power(kW)INDU
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Table 5.7.Rated power(kW)INDUCTION
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INDUCTION MOTORS 119R 22N , X 22N ,
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INDUCTION MOTORS 121500 to 516 give
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Table 5.12. Limits to motor ratings
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INDUCTION MOTORS 125• The use of
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INDUCTION MOTORS 127Figure 5.7Circu
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INDUCTION MOTORS 1295.10.5 Part Win
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9Cables, Wires and CableInstallatio
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CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE INSTALLATIO
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Table 9.8.Conductors Insulation Scr
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Table 9.10.ActualCSA (mm 2 )CABLES,
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Table 9.12.CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE
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EF = IX sin ØDF = IX cos ØCABLES,
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9.4.3.3.1 Worked exampleCABLES, WIR
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Table 9.25.CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE
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The equivalent full-load impedance
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Table 9.27.Cable current(kA)CABLES,
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Again let the cut-off current be 20
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Full-load current I txfl of the tra
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From (9.3) for ‘starting’ condi
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11Fault Calculations and Stability
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FAULT CALCULATIONS AND STABILITY ST
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Table 11.5.FAULT CALCULATIONS AND S
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11.11.1.2 Steady state stability of
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13Earthing and Screening13.1 PURPOS
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 353is usuall
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 35513.2.2.1
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 357Figure 13
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 363construct
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 365that have
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 367moulded c
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 369Annex A o
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 37113.4 CONS
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 373with a ve
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 377Find I c
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 379If the ca
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 383REFERENCE
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20Summary of the Generalised Theory
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GENERALISED THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MA
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f) The rotor equations involving th
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Appendix EList of Document Types to
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LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
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LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
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Appendix FWorked Example for Calcul
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WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE
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Step 12.WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULAT
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WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE
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608 INDEXCables (Continued)Derating
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610 INDEXDirty engine, gas turbine
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612 INDEXFault making capacity 151F
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614 INDEXInductionRotational type o
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616 INDEXMotors (Continued)DC shunt
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618 INDEXProtection schemes and sys
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620 INDEXShaft torque and shaft pow
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622 INDEXTacho-generator for feedba
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624 INDEXVoltage (Continued)Standar
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