Handbook of Electrical Engineering For Practitioners in the Oil, Gas ...

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ContentsForewordPrefaceAcknowledgementsAbout the Authorxixxxixxiiixxv1 Estimation of Plant Electrical Load 11.1 Preliminary Single-Line Diagrams 11.2 Load Schedules 21.2.1 Worked example 51.3 Determination of Power Supply Capacity 81.4 Standby Capacity of Plain Cable Feeders and Transformer Feeders 121.5 Rating of Generators in Relation to their Prime Movers 131.5.1 Operation at low ambient temperatures 131.5.2 Upgrading of prime movers 131.6 Rating of Motors in Relation to their Driven Machines 131.7 Development of Single-Line Diagrams 141.7.1 The key single line diagram 151.7.2 Individual switchboards and motor control centres 151.8 Coordination with other Disciplines 161.8.1 Process engineers 161.8.2 Mechanical engineers 171.8.3 Instrument engineers 171.8.4 Communication and safety engineers 181.8.5 Facilities and operations engineers 18Reference 182 Gas Turbine Driven Generators 192.1 Classification of Gas Turbine Engines 192.1.1 Aero-derivative gas turbines 192.1.2 Light industrial gas turbines 202.1.3 Heavy industrial gas turbines 202.1.4 Single and two-shaft gas turbines 202.1.5 Fuel for gas turbines 232.2 Energy Obtained from a Gas Turbine 232.2.1 Effect of an inefficient compressor and turbine 292.2.2 Maximum work done on the generator 30
viii2.2.3 Variation of specific heat 312.2.4 Effect of ducting pressure drop and combustion chamberpressure drop 322.2.5 Heat rate and fuel consumption 352.3 Power Output from a Gas Turbine 362.3.1 Mechanical and electrical power losses 372.3.2 Factors to be considered at the design stage of a power plant 372.4 Starting Methods for Gas Turbines 392.5 Speed Governing of Gas Turbines 392.5.1 Open-loop speed-torque characteristic 392.5.2 Closed-loop speed-power characteristic 412.5.3 Governing systems for gas turbines 432.5.4 Load sharing between droop-governed gas turbines 442.5.5 Load sharing controllers 502.6 Mathematical Modelling of Gas Turbine Speed Governing Systems 522.6.1 Modern practice 522.6.2 Typical parameter values for speed governing systems 59References 59Further Reading 593 Synchronous Generators and Motors 613.1 Common Aspects Between Generators and Motors 613.2 Simplified Theory of Operation of a Generator 613.2.1 Steady state armature reaction 623.2.2 Transient state armature reaction 633.2.3 Sub-transient state armature reaction 633.3 Phasor Diagram of Voltages and Currents 643.4 The Derived Reactances 653.4.1 Sensitivity of x md , x a , x f and x kd to changes in physicaldimensions 673.5 Active and Reactive Power Delivered from a Generator 683.5.1 A general case 683.5.2 The particular case of a salient pole generator 703.5.3 A simpler case of a salient pole generator 713.6 The Power Versus Angle Chart of a Salient Pole Generator 723.7 Choice of Voltages for Generators 733.8 Typical Parameters of Generators 733.9 Construction Features of High Voltage Generators and Induction Motors 783.9.1 Enclosure 783.9.2 Reactances 793.9.3 Stator windings 793.9.4 Terminal boxes 803.9.5 Cooling methods 803.9.6 Bearings 80References 81
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3Synchronous Generators and Motors3
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3.2.2 Transient State Armature Reac
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SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS AND MOTORS 6
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Table 3.1.generatorsGeneratorrating
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5Induction Motors5.1 PRINCIPLE OF O
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INDUCTION MOTORS 101Figure 5.1Commo
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INDUCTION MOTORS 103Figure 5.310 MW
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INDUCTION MOTORS 105Figure 5.4 Torq
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INDUCTION MOTORS 107slip. This is s
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INDUCTION MOTORS 109Figure 5.6 Sens
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INDUCTION MOTORS 111The shunt compo
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INDUCTION MOTORS 113The shunt compo
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Table 5.2.motorsRated power(kW)INDU
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Table 5.7.Rated power(kW)INDUCTION
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INDUCTION MOTORS 119R 22N , X 22N ,
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INDUCTION MOTORS 121500 to 516 give
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Table 5.12. Limits to motor ratings
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INDUCTION MOTORS 125• The use of
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INDUCTION MOTORS 127Figure 5.7Circu
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INDUCTION MOTORS 1295.10.5 Part Win
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9Cables, Wires and CableInstallatio
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CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE INSTALLATIO
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Table 9.8.Conductors Insulation Scr
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Table 9.10.ActualCSA (mm 2 )CABLES,
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Table 9.12.CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE
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EF = IX sin ØDF = IX cos ØCABLES,
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9.4.3.3.1 Worked exampleCABLES, WIR
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Table 9.25.CABLES, WIRES AND CABLE
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The equivalent full-load impedance
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Table 9.27.Cable current(kA)CABLES,
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Again let the cut-off current be 20
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Full-load current I txfl of the tra
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From (9.3) for ‘starting’ condi
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11Fault Calculations and Stability
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FAULT CALCULATIONS AND STABILITY ST
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Table 11.5.FAULT CALCULATIONS AND S
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11.11.1.2 Steady state stability of
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13Earthing and Screening13.1 PURPOS
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 353is usuall
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 35513.2.2.1
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 357Figure 13
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 363construct
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 365that have
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 367moulded c
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 369Annex A o
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 37113.4 CONS
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 373with a ve
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 377Find I c
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 379If the ca
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EARTHING AND SCREENING 383REFERENCE
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20Summary of the Generalised Theory
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GENERALISED THEORY OF ELECTRICAL MA
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f) The rotor equations involving th
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Appendix EList of Document Types to
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LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
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LIST OF DOCUMENT TYPES TO BE PRODUC
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Appendix FWorked Example for Calcul
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WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE
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Step 12.WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULAT
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WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CALCULATING THE
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608 INDEXCables (Continued)Derating
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610 INDEXDirty engine, gas turbine
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612 INDEXFault making capacity 151F
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614 INDEXInductionRotational type o
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616 INDEXMotors (Continued)DC shunt
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618 INDEXProtection schemes and sys
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620 INDEXShaft torque and shaft pow
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622 INDEXTacho-generator for feedba
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624 INDEXVoltage (Continued)Standar
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