300 NOTES67. See ibid., p. 14.68. Stephen Donaldson, "The Rape Crisis Behind Bars," New York Times, December 29,1993, p. All. See also Donaldson, "Letter to the Editor" New York Times, August 24,1993. See, too, Wayne Wooden and Jay Parker, Men Behind Bars: Sexual Exploitationin Prison (New York: Plenum Press, 1982); Anthony Sacco, ed., Male Rape: A Casebookof Sexual Aggressions (New York: AMS Press, 1982); and Daniel Lockwood, PrisonSexual Violence (New York: Elsevier, 1980).Chapter 11: The Backlash Myth1. Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American <strong>Women</strong> (New York:Crown, 1991); Naomi Wolf, The Beauty Myth: <strong>How</strong> Images of Beauty Are Used Against<strong>Women</strong> (New York: Doubleday, 1992).2. Wolf, The Beauty Myth, p. 19.3. Ibid., p. 99.4. Faludi, Backlash, p. xxii.5. Wolf, The Beauty Myth, p. 19.6. Ibid., p. 4.7. Ibid., p. 124.8. According to Faludi, "Just when women's quest for equal rights seemed closest toachieving its objectives, the backlash struck it down. . . . The Republican party elevatedRonald Reagan and both political parties began to shunt women's rights offtheir platforms." Backlash, p. xix.9. Rep. Patricia Schroeder reviewed Backlash for Knight-Rider Newspapers. I am quotingfrom the version that appeared in the Austin American Statesmen, Sunday, November24, 1991, p. E6.10. Paul Berman mentioned "Parisian determinism" during a discussion at an academicconference. He had good news for those worried about what may be coming nextout of Paris: today fashionable French intellectuals are interested in liberalism andhuman rights, with special attention to writings of James Madison and ThomasJefferson.11. Richard Rorty, "Foucault and Epistemology," in David Couzens Hoy, éd., Foucault: ACritical Reader (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 47.12. Michael Walzer, "The Politics of Michel Foucault," in ibid., p. 51.13. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977,ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Random House, 1980), p. 134.14. Sandra Lee Bartky, Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenolgy of Oppression(New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 75.15. Ibid., p. 80.16. Catharine MacKinnon, "Desire and Power: A Feminist Perspective," in Cary Nelsonand Lawrence Grossberg, eds., Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 1988), p. 110.17. Catharine MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 116-17.18. Faludi, Backlash, p. xii.19. Wolf, The Beauty Myth, p. 1720. Faludi, Backlash, p. 455.
NOTES 30121. Wolf, The Beauty Myth, p. 10.22. Thomas F. Cash, Diane Walker Cash, and Jonathan W. Butters, " 'Mirror, Mirror onthe Wall. . . ?' Contrast Effects and Self-Evaluations of Physical Attractiveness," Personalityand Social Psychology Bulletin 9, no. 3 (September 1983): 354-55.23. Ms. Wolf did not speak to the principal author at Old Dominion, Thomas Cash, andthere is some doubt that she ever saw the article she cites. She says, for example, thatCash arrived at his conclusions by studying some of his patients, who, he said, were"extremely attractive." But Cash did not study his patients. At the beginning of thearticle, he and his coauthors clearly state that they used "a sample of fifty-one femalecollege students . . . recruited from introductory psychology classes." Dr. Cash toldme, "1 remember thinking she must be confusing my study with another. I nevermentioned anything about my patients, and did not study them."24. Wolf, The Beauty Myth, p. 165. There is no "American legal definition of rape." Eachstate has its own criteria.25. Ellen Goodman, " 'The Man Shortage' and Other Big Lies," New York Times BookReview, October 27, 1991, p. 1.26. Barbara Lovenheim, letter to the New York Times Book Review, February 9, 1992.27. Faludi, Backlash, p. 30.28. "Facts About Down Syndrome for <strong>Women</strong> over 35" (Washington D.C.: NationalInstitute of Health, 1979), p. 9.29. Lovenheim, ibid., p. 30.30. Bureau of Census, Current Population Reports, Series P 23, no. 162, June 1989.Cited in Barbara Lovenheim, Beating the Marriage Odds (New York: William Morrow,1990), p. 34.31. Gretchen Morgenson, "A Whiner's Bible," Forbes, March 16, 1992, p. 153.32. Ibid., p. 152.33. Nancy Gibbs, "The War Against <strong>Feminism</strong>," Time, March 9, 1992, p. 52.34. Ibid.35. Cathy Young, "Phony War," Reason, November 1991, p. 57.36. Working Woman, April 1992, p. 104.37. Ibid.38. Sylvia Nasar, "<strong>Women</strong>'s Progress Stalled? Just Not So," New York Times, October 18,1992, sec. 3, p. 1.39. Diane Ravitch, Youth Policy, June-July 1992, p. 12.40. Nasar, "<strong>Women</strong>'s Progress Stalled?" The article summarizes the recent findings ofthree prominent women economists, Understanding the Gender Gap, by Claudia Goldin(Harvard University); The Economics of Men, <strong>Women</strong>, and Work, by Francine Blauand Marianne Ferber (University of Illinois); and June O'Neill (Baruch College),"<strong>Women</strong> and Wages," The American Enterprise, November/December 1990, pp. 25-33.41. Faludi, Backlash, p. 364.42. Ibid.43. These ratios are for median earnings—i.e., the earnings of the male or female in themiddle of the pack (one-half earn more, one-half earn less). Source: Bureau ofCensus, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income Series P60-184, Money Incomeof Households, Families, and Persons in the United States: 1992, September 1993.44. If gender "backlash" is to be inferred from the earnings ratio, it could only have
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