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LL.M. HANDBOOK 2011-2012Short quotations can be included within continuous text (“like this”), but by conventionlonger ones, running to a few lines,are generally separated from the main text and indented slightly,(like this).FootnotesFootnotes enable you to cite the authority for a statement made in the text, to make crossreferencesto other parts of the thesis or essay, or to related cases/publications, or to addincidental comments. Their purpose is to enable you to give the detail required in anacademically rigorous thesis or essay without interrupting the flow of your argument.Footnotes should be numbered, either within each chapter or section, or (since the thesis oressay is quite short) continuously through the whole text. You can either choose to haveyour footnotes at the bottom of each page, or to show them as “endnotes”, all together atthe end of each chapter, or even at the end of the whole thesis or essay. The format youadopt is not important, provided that you are consistent.BibliographyIt is essential that you include a comprehensive bibliography, which lists all thebooks, articles and other published materials referred to in the text.The bibliography should be in alphabetical order by author’s name. If you include morethan one item by the same author, then put them in date order; if the author and date arethe same, put them in alphabetical order by the first letter of the title.Where a book or report is published in the name of an organisation and not attributed to anindividual author, it should appear under the name of the organisation (e.g. H for HomeOffice, J for Justice, Department of, T for Treasury, Her Majesty’s). Do not worry if it is notentirely obvious how to list an organization (eg. is it C for Commons, House of, or H forHouse of Commons?). Make a reasonable decision and stick to it consistently.Always give references in full in the bibliography. This means giving the author’s surnameand forename(s) or initial(s), the full title of the publication, and the date of publication. Witha book you should also give the place of publication and the publisher’s name, and (whereappropriate) specify the edition to which you are referring. With an article from a periodical,you should give the date and volume number, and the page number at which the articlebegins (and, ideally the page number at which it ends).If you are citing a substantial number of cases or statutory materials, it is helpful to list thesein a Table of Cases and Table of Statutes separate from the main bibliography. A Table ofCases will normally be alphabetical. A Table of Statutes may be either alphabetical orchronological.Citation of TextsWhen you refer to publications in your thesis or essay, it is unnecessary and distracting tothe reader if you include full, detailed references (including place of publication, etc.) in the28