1367260110.5528Understanding Syntax

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?Note to the studentThis book is an introduction to the major concepts and categories associated withthe branch of linguistics known as syntax. No prior knowledge is assumed, althoughit is assumed that you will learn from each chapter, and assimilate much of theinformation in a chapter, before reading further. However, I generally don’t expectyou to learn what something means from a single discussion – instead, you willmeet the same terms and concepts on several different occasions throughout thebook. The first mention of some concept might be quite informal, with examplesjust from English, and then later I will give the discussion a broader perspective withillustrations from other languages. I use small capitals to introduce technical termsand concepts: these can be found in the subject index at the back. I also use smallcapitals to indicate any particularly important discussion or illustration of a term orconcept that you’ve already met earlier. It will probably help to look up in the indexall the previous mentions of this item, especially if you’re finding it hard to grasp.Many of the example sentences used in the text are given as a phonetictranscription, for instance when the language under discussion does not have awritten form. Although you don’t need to know how to pronounce the examplesin order to understand the point being made, you may well be interested in theirpronunciation. If you’d like further information about the various symbols used,I recommend that you consult the Phonetic Symbol Guide (Pullum and Ladusaw1996), for comprehensive details of phonetic symbols and their pronunciation, orDavenport and Hannahs (2010) for general information on phonetics and phonology.You are invited to tackle exercises within the body of the text in each chapter, andthese are separated from the running text by rows of arrows that mark out the start:and finish:>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
xivNote to the studentexercises, please email me and I will try to help by suggesting a strategy, but I won’ttell you the answers unless I can be sure that I’m not giving away the answers to a setassignment! For that reason, students should ask their instructors to email. My emailaddress is: maggie.tallerman@ncl.ac.uk.I will also be happy to receive corrections to data or to claims I make about anylanguage, or further illustrations, or suggestions for new exercises.Maggie TallermanNewcastle UniversityMarch 2011
Page 2 and 3: ?UnderstandingSyntaxThird edition
Page 4 and 5: ContentsiiiUnderstandingSyntaxThird
Page 6 and 7: ?For S.J. and Maggie the younger,th
Page 8 and 9: ?ContentsAcknowledgementsNote to th
Page 10 and 11: Contentsix4.2 Where does the head o
Page 12 and 13: ?AcknowledgementsOver the 13 years
Page 16 and 17: ?List of abbreviations used in exam
Page 18 and 19: 1What is syntax?1.1 Some concepts a
Page 20 and 21: What is syntax? 3way doesn’t func
Page 22 and 23: What is syntax? 5wonder why (7) is
Page 24 and 25: What is syntax? 7So if the word Has
Page 26 and 27: What is syntax? 9b. Why hydestow (i
Page 28 and 29: What is syntax? 11use of they in (2
Page 30 and 31: 1.2.2 How to read linguistic exampl
Page 32 and 33: What is syntax? 15glosses contain o
Page 34 and 35: What is syntax? 17some third party,
Page 36 and 37: What is syntax? 19some of the examp
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Page 40 and 41: What is syntax? 23verb (counted out
Page 42 and 43: (49) a. I charged the battery up.b.
Page 44 and 45: What is syntax? 27Standard dialectm
Page 46 and 47: What is syntax? 29Republic of Vanua
Page 48 and 49: What is syntax? 31∑ Tinrin has a
Page 50 and 51: Words belong to different classes 3
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Words belong to different classes 4
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(82) I’ll see you right/straight/
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(11) I’m not that bothered about
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3Looking inside sentencesThis chapt
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Looking inside sentences 75grammati
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Looking inside sentences 77∑ Moda
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Looking inside sentences 79the same
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Looking inside sentences 81Look at
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Looking inside sentences 83in this
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Looking inside sentences 85claimed,
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Looking inside sentences 87clause
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Looking inside sentences 89Here are
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Looking inside sentences 91This is
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Looking inside sentences 93In (50),
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Looking inside sentences 95heard yo
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Looking inside sentences 97get *Mus
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Looking inside sentences 99for the
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Looking inside sentences 101(2) Dar
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(9) Deir sé [nach dtuigeann sé an
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Looking inside sentences 105(9) a.
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Looking inside sentences 107(5) ri
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Heads and their dependents 109quite
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Heads and their dependents 111Third
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Heads and their dependents 113in th
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Heads and their dependents 115∑Gi
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Heads and their dependents 117(15)
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Heads and their dependents 119Altho
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Heads and their dependents 121Tinri
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Heads and their dependents 123∑Nd
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4.3.4.2 Head-marking in the possess
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Heads and their dependents 133is tr
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Heads and their dependents 135Exerc
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Heads and their dependents 1374. Th
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Heads and their dependents 139found
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5How do we identify constituents?Th
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How do we identify constituents? 14
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(20) [Kim wrote [that book with the
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5.3.1.2 Tree structures for phrasal
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Relationships within the clause 173
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(54) Ruš‐a gadadi-z cük ga-na.g
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(5) wičhÃ¡ša ki mathó óta w
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7Processes that change grammatical
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Processes that change grammatical r
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7.4 The causative constructionProce
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(2) Da rara hàmu da pàu.they be.r
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(3) bey‐mu‐ban2sg(Su)/1sg(Obj)
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A. Bare(1) a. [kwati i i-karuka tš
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8Wh-constructions: Questions and re
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Wh-constructions: Questions and rel
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8.1.3 Multiple wh-questionsWh-const
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. Inona no novidin’ iza?what prt
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(2) a. Ddaru Mair weld y ffilm?aux.
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9Asking questions about syntaxThe t
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Asking questions about syntax 273su
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Asking questions about syntax 275(1
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(23) a. Cerddon nhw i ’r dre.walk
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Asking questions about syntax 279fu
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Asking questions about syntax 281Th
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Asking questions about syntax 283Is
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Asking questions about syntax 285un
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Sources of data used in examplesDat
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Sources of data used in examples 28
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GlossaryThis glossary contains brie
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Glossary 293This phenomenon is know
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Glossary 295proform: A word which s
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References 297Beale, Anthony (1974)
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References 299Dixon, R. M. W. and A
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References 301Levinson, Stephen C.
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References 303Sohn, Ho-Min (1999).
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Language index 305French (Romance:
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1Subject indexabsolutive case (see
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Subject index 309critical period 28
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Subject index 311double 200indirect
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1367260110.5528Understanding Syntax

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